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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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()Tj
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(2)Tj
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(8)Tj
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[(addition)-341.7(of)-332(reducing)-338(gases)-335.2(\(Zahnle)]TJ
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(2006\).)Tj
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[(2.2.)-502.8(Particle)-334.7(characterization)]TJ
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[(et)-254.1(al.,)]TJ
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[(2000;)-595.3(Canagaratna)]TJ
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[(et)-595.5(al.,)]TJ
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3.0982 0 TD
[(2007\).)-595.8(The)-588(reacted)-597.1(particle/gas)]TJ
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[(via)-364.2(an)-357(aerodynamic)-367.7(lens.)-358.8(The)-360.4(Q-AMS)-362.6(can)-362.6(be)-358.4(used)-366(in)-361(either)]TJ
T*
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[(have)-300.7(been)-298.5(present)-304.2(in)-304.1(elevated)-297.8(amounts)-303.6(in)-297.8(the)-307.3(atmosphere)-304.1(of)]TJ
T*
[(early)-330.5(Earth)-335.9(\(Pavlov)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
8.9343 0 TD
[(et)-336.3(al.,)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.5798 0 TD
[(2000;)-336.1(Tian)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
4.875 0 TD
[(et)-336.3(al.,)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.5797 0 TD
(2005\).)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
-17.8559 -2.447 TD
[(2.3.2.)-498.1(Photolysis.)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
8.8205 0 TD
[(We)-485.8(used)-492.4(gas)-492.1(mixtures)-487.5(with)-495.9(varying)]TJ
-9.9333 -1.2203 TD
[(amounts)-265.6(of)-268.8(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 369.2975 647.5463 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 375.0235 649.077 Tm
[(and)-265.1(CH)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 406.1479 647.5463 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 411.8739 649.077 Tm
[(in)-266.2(a)-265.1(N)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 436.1385 647.5463 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 441.8644 649.077 Tm
[(background)-269.9(to)-262.5(simulate)-272.7(the)]TJ
-14.6122 -1.2266 TD
[(photochemical)-383.5(reactions)-383.9(that)-383.2(potentially)-383.3(occurred)-386.4(in)-380(the)-383.1(at-)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(mosphere)-367.3(of)-363.6(Archean)-368(Earth.)-364.1(We)-365.6(varied)-367.8(the)-364.2(partial)-369(pressure)]TJ
T*
[(of)-433.2(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 334.1479 614.7211 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 341.4046 616.1951 Tm
[(from)-437.8(2)-429.5(\()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.819 0 TD
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(0.2\))-438.7(to)-433.2(20,000)-436.8(\()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
6.8161 0 TD
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(20\))-429.5(ppmv)-437.3(in)-436.9(our)-434.8(experi-)]TJ
-15.5797 -1.2203 TD
[(ments)-331.4(to)-332(probe)-331.6(the)-332.5(effect)-335.6(of)-332(the)-338.9(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 450.8219 603.7227 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 457.1715 605.2534 Tm
[(mixing)-330.7(ratio)-335.8(on)-335(aerosol)]TJ
-16.3194 -1.2266 TD
[(formation.)-450.4(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 367.7101 592.7809 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 375.0802 594.2549 Tm
[(amounts)-449(from)-444.1(2)-448.4(t)0(o)-445.8(2000)-168.8(ppmv)-443.6(are)-449(not)-449.2(un-)]TJ
-7.1639 -1.2203 TD
[(reasonable)-425.9(for)-427.6(volcanic)-429.4(clouds)-428.6(in)-430.6(early)-425.4(Earths)-433.9(atmosphere)]TJ
T*
[(following)-519.2(a)-524.3(volcanic)-524.2(eruption.)-522.2(For)-520.1(some)-520(experiments,)-525.2(we)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(added)-489(1000)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
5.4314 0 TD
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(20)-169.7(ppmv)-487.9(CH)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 420.0377 559.899 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 427.8046 561.3731 Tm
[(to)-483.8(our)-491.7(mixtures,)-490.5(a)-486.4(reasonable)]TJ
-13.0442 -1.2203 TD
[(amount)-251.7(of)-256.2(CH)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 367.37 548.9573 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 372.9825 550.4313 Tm
[(for)-250.5(the)-256.7(late)-250(Archean)-260.5(\(Haqq-Misra)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
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[(et)-254.1(al.,)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.4154 0 TD
(2008\).)Tj
-24.0903 -1.2203 TD
[(While)-363.5(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 344.8062 537.9589 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 351.3826 539.4896 Tm
[(was)-362.9(added)-362.5(to)-363.7(several)-359.7(gas)-365.6(mixtures,)-364(no)-360.2(effect)-367.2(was)]TJ
-4.5209 -1.2266 TD
[(observed,)-666.9(likely)-670.6(because)-669.6(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 426.7274 527.0172 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 436.0818 528.4912 Tm
[(does)-670.9(not)-670.5(photolyze)-669.4(at)-663.9(the)]TJ
-13.9673 -1.2203 TD
[(wavelengths)-264.8(used)-264.8(in)-266.2(our)-264.1(experiment.)-271(Thus,)-264.9(CH)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 496.9133 516.0754 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 502.6392 517.5494 Tm
[(was)-261.7(used)-264.8(as)]TJ
-21.3904 -1.2203 TD
[(the)-332.5(main)-332.8(reducing)-338(gas)-334(in)-335.7(the)-332.5(photolysis)-341(studies.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
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[(3.)-501.1(Results)]TJ
/F13 1 Tf
0 -1.8336 TD
[(3.1.)-496.4(Electrical)-337.5(discharge)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
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6.7246 0 0 5.9768 546.5762 445.3227 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 310.8472 435.855 Tm
[(exposed)-579.5(to)-578.6(an)-578.3(electrical)-578.7(discharge.)-580.7(At)-583.6(20)-163.4(ppmv)-576.4(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 526.9038 434.381 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 530.3054 435.855 Tm
[(,)-578.3(the)]TJ
-24.476 -1.2203 TD
[(majority)-412.3(of)-414.2(the)-414.7(aerosol)-415.2(formed)-421.7(was)-413.4(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 465.9589 423.3826 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 469.3038 424.9133 Tm
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 480.9825 423.3826 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 484.3274 424.9133 Tm
[(,)-413.9(which)-415.9(resulted)]TJ
-19.3481 -1.2203 TD
[(from)-494.7(reaction)-502.7(of)-496.4(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 394.0723 412.4408 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 401.8959 413.9715 Tm
[(and)-499.1(hydroxyl)-498.6(\(OH\))-497.2(radicals)-497.3(formed)]TJ
-10.1546 -1.2266 TD
[(from)-254.4(trace)-252.8(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 360.7369 401.4991 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 364.0818 402.9731 Tm
[(O.)-252.6(Although)-261(the)-250.3(vacuum)-252.7(reaction)-256.1(chamber)-257.7(was)]TJ
-5.9372 -1.2203 TD
[(evacuated)-433.6(to)-433.2(under)-438.3(a)-435.8(torr)-434.6(and)-429.5(kept)-436.1(at)-436.3(this)-432.3(level,)-440.5(the)-433.7(trace)]TJ
T*
[(amounts)-455.3(of)-452.2(water)-451.1(left)-453.3(in)-449.5(the)-452.7(vacuum)-455.1(chamber)-453.7(or)-452.4(brought)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
[(along)-285.5(with)-293.5(the)-288.3(gases)-284.7(heavily)-293.2(inuenced)-288.6(the)-288.3(resulting)-296.8(aerosol)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
[(c)13.4(o)0(m)18.6(p)0(o)14.8(s)0(i)20.4(t)12.2(io)19(n)-483.9(a)13.1(ft)18(er)-474.8(th)15.1(e)-480.4(g)0(a)21.4(s)0(e)17.8(s)-481.8(we)17.4(re)-468.5(ex)16.9(po)21.2(se)17.8(d)-483.5(t)12.2(o)-483.3(e)0(l)21.9(e)0(c)13.5(t)12.2(ri)21.1(ca)20.2(l)-484.1(d)0(i)18.8(s)0(-)]TJ
T*
-.0197 Tc
[(c)-6.3(h)-19.7(ar)-19.7(ge)-7(.)-351.4(F)-19.7(ar)-19.7(qu)-19.7(ha)-19.7(r)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
7.7329 0 TD
0 Tc
[(et)-317.3(al)17.8(.)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.2889 0 TD
[(\(2)19(00)19.9(1\))-316.1(al)15.9(so)-320.2(sa)24.5(w)-330.4(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 470.9479 346.6771 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 474.1794 348.2078 Tm
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 485.688 346.6771 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 491.981 348.2078 Tm
[(in)-323.1(t)12.2(h)0(e)15.7(i)0(r)-314.1(e)0(x)16.9(p)0(e)17.7(r)0(i)21.1(-)]TJ
-20.2017 -1.2267 TD
[(me)21.5(nt)15.1(s)-235.3(w)0(i)20.1(t)0(h)15.1(o)0(u)21.2(t)-240.7(a)13.1(d)0(d)19.3(e)0(d)-230.5(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 403.1432 335.7354 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 406.3747 337.2094 Tm
[(O.)-233.6(In)19.8(c)13.4(r)0(e)18.4(a)0(s)18.1(i)0(n)18.4(g)-238.4(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 466.866 335.7354 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 472.3652 337.2094 Tm
-.0133 Tc
[(fr)-13.3(om)-251.1(0)-253.1(t)-1.1(o)-250(1)-13.3(0)6.6(%)-255.2(o)-13.3(f)-244.2(th)-13.3(e)]TJ
-18.014 -1.2203 TD
0 Tc
[(t)12.2(o)0(t)15.7(a)13.1(l)-458.8(g)0(a)15(s)-456.6(mi)17.9(xt)22.7(ur)16.9(e)-461.5(s)0(l)20.4(o)0(w)20.9(l)0(y)-450.6(i)0(n)18.4(c)0(r)19(e)12.7(as)18.1(ed)-451.8(t)12.2(h)0(e)-452.2(r)0(e)18.4(l)0(a)22.3(t)0(i)15(v)0(e)-449.6(r)0(a)18.8(t)12.2(io)-448.9(of)-452.2(S)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 541.2471 324.7936 Tm
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 544.5353 326.2676 Tm
(/)Tj
-26.063 -1.2203 TD
(H)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 318.1039 313.7952 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 321.392 315.3259 Tm
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 332.9007 313.7952 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 339.5338 315.3259 Tm
[(in)-361(th)15.1(e)-366.6(a)13.1(er)18.4(os)14.9(ol)-354.1(fo)15.7(rm)20.7(e)12.7(d)0(.)-360(A)0(s)-356.8(a)0(n)-363.3(e)12.7(xa)17.3(mp)20.1(le)21.9(,)-369.6(F)0(i)17.3(g)14.5(.)-369.6(1)13.1(b)-371.1(s)0(h)20.6(o)0(w)20.9(s)]TJ
-3.1994 -1.2266 TD
[(t)12.2(h)0(e)-319.4(m)0(a)21.9(s)0(s)-318.8(s)0(p)16.3(e)12.7(ct)19.2(ru)16.9(m)-326.3(w)0(i)20.1(t)0(h)-320(5)0(%)-317.3(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 430.0723 302.8535 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 433.3038 304.3275 Tm
[(.)-331.7(H)12.7(er)18.4(e,)-319(t)12.2(h)0(e)-319.4(m)0(a)21.9(s)0(s)-318.8(s)0(i)14.1(g)14.6(na)16.1(t)12.2(u)0(r)16.9(e)-328.7(f)12.2(o)0(r)]TJ
-13.6575 -1.2203 TD
[(e)12.7(l)0(e)15.5(m)0(e)21.5(n)0(t)15.1(a)13.1(l)-313.4(s)0(u)22.6(l)0(f)15(u)0(r)-299.2(i)0(s)-302(c)13.4(le)15.5(a)13.1(r)0(l)21.1(y)-314.2(ob)18.1(se)24.1(rv)17.5(ed)16.1(.)-306.4(T)0(h)18.9(e)-309.7(Q-)15.5(AM)18.8(S)-308.3(c)0(a)20.2(n)-313.2(b)14.6(e)-316(us)22.6(ed)]TJ
T*
[(t)12.2(o)-451.7(q)14.6(u)0(a)18.1(n)0(t)15.1(i)15.4(fy)-441.2(t)12.2(h)0(e)-439.6(f)0(r)17.8(a)13.1(ct)19.2(io)19(n)-452.3(o)0(f)-433.2(S)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 424.8566 280.97 Tm
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 432.2267 282.444 Tm
[(fo)15.7(rm)20.7(e)12.8(d)-451.9(un)20.5(de)22.4(r)-449.6(v)0(a)18.7(r)0(y)20.2(i)0(n)18.4(g)-447(c)13.4(o)0(n)19.1(d)0(i)18.8(-)]TJ
-13.5374 -1.2203 TD
[(t)12.2(i)0(o)19(n)0(s)14.3(.)-439.2(Fi)23.7(gu)19.5(re)-436.9(2)-435.8(s)0(h)14.3(o)0(w)20.9(s)-443.9(t)12.2(h)0(e)-433.2(r)0(e)18.4(l)0(a)22.2(t)0(i)15(v)0(e)-430.6(a)13.1(mo)18.6(un)14.2(t)12.2(s)-443.9(of)-433.2(c)13.4(h)0(a)16.1(r)0(a)18.8(c)13.4(te)18.6(ri)21.1(st)17.2(ic)]TJ
0 -1.2266 TD
(H)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 318.1039 259.0298 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 321.392 260.5038 Tm
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 332.9007 259.0298 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 339.0802 260.5038 Tm
[(an)16.1(d)-319.1(S)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 361.3605 259.0298 Tm
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 367.5967 260.5038 Tm
[(pe)17.7(a)13.1(k)0(s)-309.2(f)12.2(ro)15.5(m)-313.7(t)0(h)15.1(e)-316(e)12.7(l)0(e)15.5(c)13.4(tr)17.8(ic)16.2(a)13.1(l)-319.7(di)18.8(sc)18.4(ha)22.4(rg)20.2(e)-316(o)0(f)-313.1(2)13.1(0)-157.6(p)0(p)16.3(m)15.1(v)]TJ
-6.3292 -1.2203 TD
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 322.3558 248.0881 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 328.592 249.5622 Tm
[(as)-317(a)-322(f)12.2(un)14.2(c)13.4(t)0(i)15(o)0(n)-316(o)0(f)-313.1(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 399.7983 248.0881 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 406.0912 249.5622 Tm
[(\()12.2(n)0(o)12.8(t)-322.9(in)18.4(c)13.4(l)0(u)20.4(d)0(i)18.8(n)0(g)-317.6(o)0(v)21.8(e)0(r)18.4(l)0(a)15.9(p)0(p)22.6(i)0(n)18.4(g)-326.9(pe)24(ak)15.1(s\))23.5(.)-325.4(I)0(t)]TJ
-10.6225 -1.2203 TD
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6.7246 0 0 5.9768 428.0314 237.0897 Tm
0 Tc
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 431.3195 238.6204 Tm
.376 Tc
(,S)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 441.5243 237.0897 Tm
0 Tc
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 448.2707 238.6204 Tm
[(is)-371.6(t)12.2(h)0(e)-370(d)0(o)19.5(m)0(i)17.9(n)0(a)22.4(n)0(t)-370.6(S)-377.9(a)13.1(e)0(r)18.4(o)0(s)14.9(o)0(l)]TJ
-15.3267 -1.2266 TD
[(f)12.2(o)0(r)15.5(m)15.1(ed)16.1(.)-338(T)0(h)18.9(e)-341.3(e)12.7(x)0(p)15.5(e)12.8(ri)21.1(me)15.2(nt)21.4(s)-342.7(w)0(e)23.8(r)0(e)-329.4(r)0(e)18.4(p)0(e)17.7(a)13.1(te)12.3(d)-338.1(w)0(i)20.1(t)12.2(h)-338.5(t)0(h)15.1(e)-335(ad)16.5(di)18.7(t)12.2(i)0(o)19(n)-338.5(of)]TJ
0 -1.2203 TD
-.0131 Tc
[(10)-13.1(0)6.8(0)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
2.1245 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(20)-150.8(pp)22.6(mv)-219.6(\()12.2(0)0(.)16.5(1)13.1(%\))-217.1(C)12.5(O)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 413.0645 215.2062 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 418.4503 216.6803 Tm
[(ad)16.5(de)22.4(d)-230.6(t)12.2(o)-224.1(t)0(h)15.1(e)-227.5(SO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 480.3589 215.2062 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 483.5904 216.6803 Tm
(/H)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 496.2329 215.2062 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 499.5211 216.6803 Tm
(/N)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 512.1069 215.2062 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 517.4928 216.6803 Tm
[(mi)17.9(xt)16.3(ur)23.2(e.)]TJ
-23.047 -1.2203 TD
[(F)14.5(i)0(g)17.3(u)0(r)16.9(e)-309.7(2)-309.3(s)0(h)20.6(o)0(w)20.9(s)-311.1(t)12.2(h)0(a)16.1(t)-310.3(a)13.1(g)0(a)21.4(i)0(n)-304.1(f)12.2(or)-300.7(t)12.2(h)0(i)18.4(s)-311.1(mi)17.9(xt)22.7(ur)16.9(e)-309.7(t)12.2(he)-300.5(ad)16.5(di)18.8(t)12.2(i)0(o)19(n)-306.9(of)-300.4(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 546.5762 204.2078 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 310.8472 194.7401 Tm
-.0139 Tc
[(fa)-13.9(v)4.8(o)-13.9(rs)-464.1(th)-13.9(e)-453.5(f)-13.9(or)-13.9(m)6.8(a)-13.9(t)5.1(i)-13.9(o)5.1(n)-466.2(o)-13.9(f)-453.4(S)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 413.518 193.2661 Tm
0 Tc
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 420.8881 194.7401 Tm
[(ov)15.5(e)12.7(r)-449.6(H)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 449.518 193.2661 Tm
(2)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 452.8062 194.7401 Tm
(SO)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 464.3148 193.2661 Tm
(4)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 467.5463 194.7401 Tm
.4518 Tc
[(.H)451.8(o)468(w)451.8(e)475.6(v)451.8(e)470.1(r)451.8(,)11.9(w)451.8(i)471.9(t)451.8(h)5.3(t)464(h)451.8(e)]TJ
-17.4765 -1.2203 TD
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[(ad)-13.5(d)5.8(i)-13.5(tio)-13.5(n)-.7(al)-377.4(CO)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 366.6896 182.3244 Tm
0 Tc
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