DAURE Microscopy

This page will contain electron microscopy images acquired by Esther Coz of CIEMAT/CSIC at RJ Lee Group, Inc.

The images presented above have been acquired with two different high resolution Scanning Electron Microscopes (FEI Sirion400 and Hitachi S5500). Background has been automatically substracted from images to enhance the morphology, but no post processing has been applied on the particles after acquisition. The different relative content of each of the groups (and subgroups) presented below has been quantified and its variations at different times of the day have been analyzed together with the morphological descriptors of each group with a fully automated SEM (PSEM 500). The data is still under review/analysis. Any commentaries, suggestions or corrections (if any mistake is found) are welcome. Please, email esther.coz@ciemat.es.

Images from the BCN site

Primary Biogenic Organic Particles

Despite not being an important group in abundance, the microscopy analysis of PM2.5 samples from BCN site revealed a very rich diversity of this particle type. Several families of spores, vegetative and insect detritus and bacteria have been identified with sizes from 300 nm up to 4 µm. Some of them are frequently mixed with other anthropogenic aerosols.

	Particle 1 Fungi spore Size = 3.3 µm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: S, Cl, Ca Notes: Hiliferous appendix on the lower right, smooth ornament.
	Particle 2 Non classified Size = 410 nm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: S, Cl Notes: Morphology with circular aperture and ornament that reminds a fungi spore.
	Particle 3 Vegetative detritus Size = 590 nm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: Al, Si (not always) Notes: The morphology reminds a vegetative tissue in which some volatile material was initially entrapped (see the open cut).
	Particles 4 & 5 Fungi spores (possible) Size = 420 nm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: S, Si, Cl, Na, K Notes: Different morphologies of possible fungi spores with similar size and elemental composition. The one on the lower right has golf ball texture and seems to have volatile contain. Both of them are very abundant in the samples and frequently found mixed with soot agglomerates.

Heavy Metal Oxides

Frequently found in the PM2.5 samples collected during traffic peak hours with sizes from 800 nm up to 5 µm. Some of them are frequently mixed with mineral particles. The most abundant are iron oxides (frequently linked to minor contents of titanium and zinc).

	Particle 6 Iron oxide Size = 1.9 µm Composition: Major components: Fe2O3; Minor components: Si, S, Ti, Mg, Cl, Na Notes: Agglomerate structure and associated minor elements typical from vehicle emissions.
	Particle 7 Iron-zinc oxide Size = 1 µm Composition: Fe2O4Zn; Minor components: Mn, Cr, Ca, Mg, S, Si, Al Notes: Spherical morphology frequently associated to industrial combustion processes.
	Particle 8 Iron oxide Size = 3 µm Composition: Fe2O3; Minor components: Si, S, Cu, Cl, Mg, Al, Ca Notes: Associated minor elements indicate possible anthropogenic origin.

Mineral Particles

	Particle 8 Spherical AluminoSilicate (SAS particle) Size = 800 nm Composition: SiO2, Al2O3; Minor components: Ca, S, Na, Fe Notes: Spherical aluminosilicate related to coal fired power plant emissions. Also denoted as fly-ash. Frequently found as single particles (not agglomerated) with a wide size range from several nanometers to several micrometers.
	Particle 9 Calcium carbonate (calcite) Size = 1.6 µm Composition: CaCO3
	Particle 10 Quartz Size = 1.7 µm Composition: SiO2 Notes: Image taken at 2 kV (left) and 15 kV (right) allows to compare how different particles may look if changed any operation value.
	Particle 11 Calcium sulfate (gypsum) Size = 1.1 µm Composition: CaSO4-2(H2O) Notes: Tabular crystal of calcium sulfate(probably gypsum).

Soot Agglomerates

	Particle 12 Fresh soot agglomerate Size = 290 nm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: S, Si, Na Notes: Chain-like structure of agglomerates generally indicates the aerosol is fresh. Size of the primitive particles ranges from 40-60 nm. The agglomerate is coated with a sulfate (possible organic/sulfate mixture) layer.
	Particle 13 Aged soot agglomerate Size = 390 nm Composition: Major components: C, O; Minor components: S, Si, Na Notes: Sponge structure indicates aerosol aging. The coating thickness in this type of structues strongly varies with the time of the day due to the condensation of organics on the surface.

Images from the MSY site

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