DAURE

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An easy to remember shortcut to this page is http://tinyurl.com/daure09.

This Wiki is a repository of information about the DAURE field campaign to be conducted at an urban/rural site pair in Barcelona and Montseny (Catalonia, Spain) in winter and summer 2009. This is the main page about the study and focuses on the scientific aspects of the study. We have another Wiki page for the logistics and organization of the study.

Objectives

DAURE stands for "Determination of the sources of atmospheric Aerosols in Urban and Rural Environments in the western Mediterranean" and also for "Determinacion de origenes del Aerosol atmosferico en ambiente Urbano y Rural del Mediterraneo occidental". The objectives of the DAURE campaign is to characterize the sources of fine aerosols in the Barcelona region, with particular attention to carbonaceous aerosols.

State-of-the-Art methods such as 14C and HR-ToF-AMS analysis have been applied or are starting to be applied to the source apportionment problem in Central Europe, but not yet in the Mediterranean region. There are reasons to believe that the results from Central Europe (dominance of biogenic and biomass burning in the organic aerosol) may not be directly translatable to the Mediterranean, and this campaign is a unique opportunity to evaluate this hypothesis (CSIC, UC, PSI, CEH, BSC, UPC,CIEMAT, UB, UGR, and other participant groups). Furthermore, Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds emissions and concentrations in Barcelona and Montseny and their implications as sources of aerosols will be also investigated (CREAF).

The campaign is also part of the EMEP Coordinated Winter Campaign, and is carried out in collaboration with the EUCAARI European project.

  • Pictures from the campaign are posted here

Participant Groups

DAURE Science Meetings

First DAURE Science Meeting on Mon. March 2, 10 am-1 pm at the main conference room at IJA (C/ Lluis Sole i Sabaris s/n, Barcelona). Short (10 min = 5-7 slides + 5 min discussion and questions) on the measurements / modeling being performed by each group, and the objectives of each group. This will help people to get to know each other and what each group will do during the campaign, and to know what previous data is available to provide context to our measurements.

Second DAURE Science Meeting on Tue March 10, 10:30 am at the main conference room at IJA.

Third DAURE Science Meeting on Tue March 17, 10:30 am at the main conference room at IJA.


Fourth DAURE Science Meeting on Tue March 24, 10:30 am at the main conference room at IJA.

5th DAURE Science Meeting on Tue May 26, 10:30 am at the main conference room at IJA.

6th DAURE Science Meeting on Jan 14, 2010

The meeting will take place @ 11:00 am at the main conference room at IJA.

  • Attending but not presenting: Begona Artinano (CIEMAT), Francisco Gomez (CIEMAT), Josep Peñuelas (CREAF), Iolanda Filella (CREAF), Manuel Dall'Osto (Galway), Xavier Querol (CSIC), Andres Alastuey (CSIC), Jose Maria Baldasano (BSC), others TBD.

Mtg EGU 2010

  • We have registered the DAURE meeting as an "splinter" meeting at EGU (this is a short description). We have been granted free space within the conference center (with a data projector). We will meet Tue May 4th, 8:30 am - 10:15 am in room SM1 and continuing during lunch, 12:00-1:30 in room SM7 (note the different rooms).
  • The current list of attendees is:
    • Axel Metzger, Matthias Piot, Fulvio Amato, Mari Cruz Minguillon, Marco Pandolfi, Esther Coz, Arancha Revuelta, Claudia Mohr, Xavier Querol, Andre Prevot, JL Jimenez, Agnes Richard, Pete DeCarlo, ~2 people from CIEMAT, Barend Van Drooge, Oriol Jorba (17).
    • If your name is there but you won't be able to attend, pls let Jose know.
    • If your name is not there, but you do plan to attend, please let Jose know.

DAURE-related Presentations at Conferences

Please send the abstracts of DAURE-related conference presentations to Jose for posting here, as this helps to keep track of the ongoing analyses from the different groups and the likely papers.

  • Authorship policy for EGU-2010:  When submitting the abstract, please include in the author list the groups whose data you plan to use in their presentation. Typically include the student who has done the work and the principal investigator, and anyone else who has made a major contribution to that dataset. Then share the abstract with those groups, and they will let you know if they prefer to be listed in the acknowledgements (e.g. for small contributions) or whether anyone else needs to be added to the list. By the time the presentation is ready for EGU, you may be using other datasets and not using some of the ones you were planning to use. Just adapt the author list for the poster or talk with the principles above, and share a PDF of the talk or poster with your coauthors for their feedback. Note that if you have more than 10 authors, you will need to include the "DAURE Team" for the rest of the authors, as the form only allows 10.
  • AAAR 2009
    • Mohr et al., Investigation of sources of ambient submicron aerosol in the Barcelona metropolitan area using AMS mobile and stationary data. Abstract PDF of Poster.
    • Ng et al., An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for Routine Monitoring of Atmospheric Aerosol Composition Abstract
    • Prevot et al., Overview of PM1 Composition and Sources of Organic Mass in Europe. Abstract
  • EGU 2010
    • Metzger et al., Air Mass Characterization During the DAURE Field Campaign by PTR-TOF Abstract
    • Piot et al., Preliminary Modelling Results of the Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter in NE Spain for the DAURE campaign. Abstract
    • Amato et al., Application of Receptor Modeling Techniques (PMF2, ME-2) to Rural and Urban PM Measurements Performed During DAURE Campaign: Comparison with Multiyear Time Series. Abstract
    • Minguillon et al., Origin of Fine Carbonaceous Particulate Matter in the Western Mediterranean Basin: Fossil Versus Modern Sources. Abstract
    • Pandolfi et al., An Overview of the DAURE Campaign: Aerosols Emissions and Evolution in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Abstract
    • Reche et al., Causes of Daily Cycle Variability of Atmospheric Pollutants in a Western Mediterranean Urban Site (DAURE Campaign). Abstract
    • Coz et al., Structural Characteristics of Internally Mixed Carbonaceous Aggregates from Barcelona (Spain) During DAURE Winter Campaign. Abstract
    • Plaza et al., Characterization of the Inorganic Aerosol in Barcelona Site During DAURE 2009 Field Campaigns. Abstract
    • Revuelta et al., Particle Size Distribution and Inorganic Aerosol Characterization During DAURE 2009 Winter Field Campaign at Montseny Site. Abstract
    • Mohr et al., Investigation of Sources of Ambient Submicron Aerosol in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area Using AMS Mobile and Stationary Data. Abstract
    • Richard et al., Source Apportionment Studies at Different European Sites with Time and Size Resolved Trace Element Data. Abstract
  • IAC - 2010
    • Revuelta et al., Characterization of Particulate Nitrate in Barcelona during DAURE 2009 Winter Campaign Abstract
  • RECTA - 2010
    • Revuelta et al., Experimental Characterization of Aerosol Properties During the DAURE 2009 Campaigns. Abstract

Tentative List of Journal Papers w/ DAURE data

  • Papers being written as of Jan-2010:
    • 1. Marco Pandolfi et al. (CSIC): "Sources and Origin of PM in the Western Mediterranean Basin: an Overview of the DAURE Campaign"
    • 2. Oriol Jorba et al. (BSC): meteorological overview of DAURE (Feb 2010)
    • 3. Esther Coz et al. (CIEMAT): Quantitative morphology and state of mixture of atmospheric carbonaceous aggregates from Barcelona during DAURE winter campaign.
  • Papers that will be written for sure
    • 4. Claudia Mohr et al.: "Investigation of Ambient Submicron Aerosol in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area using AMS Mobile and Stationary Data" (will be written in Summer 2010)
  • Tentative papers, pending further analysis:
    • 5. Marco Pandolfi et al.: Partitioning of NH3 and HNO3 w model
    • 6. TBD CSIC & PSI: DRUM-XRF vs Filter-ICPMS results
    • 7. Agnes Richard: possible paper on DRUM-XRF (maybe combined w other campaigns)
    • 8. Mar Viana et al.: Comparison of tracers for biomass burning
    • 9. Lanz et al.: paper comparing PMF analysis across EUCARII-EMEP
    • 10. Mari Cruz Minguillon: 14C results compared with other measurements
    • 11. Amber Ortega (Colorado): PAM-AMS paper (together with other upcoming campaigns)
    • 12. Sicard et al. (UPC): Correlation between ground PM measurements & PBL height, synoptic situations. Ground vs columnar size distribution from AERONET & LIDAR
    • 13. Plaza et al. (CIEMAT): Size-segregated Inorganic aerosols in BCN during DAURE winter campaign.
    • 14. Coz et al. (CIEMAT): Diurnal cycle and associated individual characteristics of mineral dust, metal bearing and primary biogenic aerosol particles at Barcelona during DAURE winter campaign.
    • 15. Model evaluation paper using DAURE data (including mobile results) (maybe break up)
  • Other papers proposed in March 2009, pending update of current status
  • Innsbruck
    • 16. One paper TBD
  • CREAF
    • 17. Joan Llusia & Yolanda Fillela: Winter biogenic emissions rates vs air concentrations
    • 18. Roger & Simon et al.: Aerosol vs biogenics vs O3 at MSY
    • 19. Roger: VOCs in urban environment
  • Aerodyne
    • 20. Sally Ng: demonstration paper on mini-AMS (DAURE, or maybe also Houston)

Data policy

From previous experience, it is important to share data early to identify instrument problems, early findings etc. We would like to propose the following data policy, which is based on that from MILAGRO and other large field campaigns. Please let us know of any suggestions for changes etc.

(a) Data will be shared during the field phase as soon as it is available (if possible the next day after it is taken for continuous instruments). We hope to set up an FTP site for this purpose within the next couple of days. This is done with the understanding that data is not fully calibrated/corrected/etc., and its main use is to look at trends and start to identify patterns and correlations at the different sites. Field data from other groups can only be used by people participating in the campaign, and CANNOT be shown or shared with people outside the campaign unless you have the permission of the data owners.

(b) Data should also be made available to all participants during the data analysis phase. Data from other groups cannot be used in presentations or publications without the permission of the data owners, and coauthorship should be offered to the data producers (which are then free to accept or decline the offer).

Data Server

We have created a secure FTP site to upload preliminary data and model results. You need a secure FTP program such as SFTP or SSH. A very good one for Windows is WinSCP, which you can download from this link. An equivalent free program for Macs is Cyberduck (recommended by Pete DeCarlo). Once you download the program, you need to set up a connection to cires.colorado.edu, and log in with "daure" and the password which Jose sent by email (pls request from him again if you've lost it). We have created a folder for every group, please load the data or model results there as they become available. An ASCII format would be best, please include the units, contact person, any data flags, etc.

To keep track easily of which data have been uploaded / will be uploaded / will not be available because of instrument problems etc., we have created another tab on the Google Spreadsheet, which can be viewed directly at this link. Please let us know about the status of the data which is currently in gray (unknown), or whether anything is missing, etc.

And finally, remember that the data is shared in accordance with the DAURE data policy, which is now official since no one has expressed any reservations about it.

Data from Monitoring Networks and Other Sources

There is an AERONET site in Barcelona which reports optical depth at several wavelengths during sunny days. The PIs belong to the BSC group which is participating in DAURE.

There are two monitoring networks in Barcelona, one operated by the regional government and another one by the city:


Results from Previous Research

The following papers present results from previous research in this area that will be useful to provide context for the DAURE data. (Please add any other papers below or email the references to Jose).

Sites

The campaigns were carried out simultaneously at two sites of NE Spain in the Mediterranean Basin

General.jpgBCN MSY.jpg Perf1.jpgPerf2.jpg

  • Site BCN is inside Barcelona (CSIC. Located in the university campus in the western side of Barcelona close to Diagonal Avenue, one of the main traffic roads from the city. In this area we will install 2 monitoring cabins BCN_1 and BCN_2. The first consits of a conventional aerosol monitosing site containing CSIC instrumentation. BCN_2 is a small office trailer ready to install the arriving instruments and it is located only 5 m away from BCN_1.

Urban Background
41°23'24.01"N
02° 6'58.06"E
80 meters amsl
(Decimal Coordinates: Latitude: 41.390003 Longitude: 2.116128

BCN 1.jpgBCN 2.jpg

BCN 1&2foto.jpg

The station is located 10 m from a University Residence and around 300 m of our Institute of Earth Sciences ‘Jaume Almera’, CSIC. It is very convenient to book rooms at this residence a.s.a.p (see details below).

  • Site MSY was at rural mountain site at Montseny (~50 km away), ideally with the same measurements at both sites. In this area we seleceted 2 monitoring sites MSY_1 and MSY_2. The first consits of a conventional aerosol monitosing site containing CSIC instrumentation. MSY_2 is a traditional rural house plenty of space, with sleeping rooms, kitchen and very basic labs. CREAF has ge kindly allowed us to use this MSY 2 field laboratory. Special thanks to Javier Retana (director of CREAF)for facilitating all sort of actions to allow us organizing the measurements. This is ready to install the arriving instruments (up to 10 kW) and it is located only 200 m away from MSY_1.

Regional background
MSY_1: CSIC aerosol monitoring station
41°46'45.63"N
02°21'28.92"E
720 meters amsl
(Decimal Coordinates Latitude: 41.779342 Longitude: 2.358033)

MSY_2: Rural house with laboratory for DAURE
41°46'45.21"N
02°21'17.48"E

    • Additionally there will be enough space to work with a conventional mobile unit (from PSI or from AQ local agencies. Note that at Montseny the unpaved mountain road is in poor condition, and has posed problems in the past.

MSY 1.jpgMSY 2.jpg

MSY 1&2foto.jpg

MSY 1foto.jpg MSY 2foto.jpg

Instrumentation (only winter campaign)

The following instrumentation is planned to be working during the winter campaign:

Site BCN_1

Gas-Phase Species
Parameter Technique Group Contact Person Notes
PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Optical Counter CSIC Corrected w/ gravimetric measurements
12 to 24 h speciation of PM10, PM2,5 and PM1 3 high volume samplers + ICP-MS, ICP-AES, Sunset TO OC-EC, IC, seletive electrodes CSIC sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, OC, EC, Ca, Al, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Ti, and 55 trace elements
Black Carbon MAAP CSIC
PM number concentration Water CPC CSIC
SO2, NO, NOx, O3, CO Commercial gas analyzers Generalitat
T, RH, Wind direction and speed, radiation, rain Met station Faculty of Physics
  • CSIC
    • 1 additional high volume sampler for PM1 (sampler from CSIC, PM1 inlet from PSI). Sampling will be 24h or 48h. These filters will not be weighed
    • Breakup of PM1 filter
      • 1/4 for ICP-MS and ICP-AES (IJA)
      • 1/4 for levoglucosan & dicarboxylic acids (Risto Hillamo, Finnish Met. Institute)
      • 1/4 for EC and OC analyses (PSI)?
    • Breakup of additional PM1 filter
      • 1/2 for 14C analysis of EC and OC (PSI, selected samples). At most 6 filters per site will be selected (that meaning 12 anlyses per site (EC and OC)). (This will be repeated for summer campaign.)
    • Breakup of PM2.5 filter
      • 1/4 for ICP-MS and ICP-AES (IJA)
      • 1/4 for levoglucosan & dicarboxylic acids (Risto Hillamo, Finnish Met. Institute)
      • 1/4 for lixiviate
      • 1/4 for EC and OC analyses and any other analyses (open)
    • Breakup of PM10 filter
      • 1/4 for ICP-MS and ICP-AES (IJA)
      • 1/4 for lixiviate
      • 1/2 is available
    • Low volume sampler (Partisol) with denuder and QBQ for OC (with positive and negative artifact correction) and EC in PM2.5.
    • Denuders for NH3 and HNO3 artefact determination. 2 PM2.5 low-volume samplers (1m3/h), with 24 hour samples.

BCN_2

  • PSI
    • W-ToF-AMS.
    • Another W-ToF-AMS will be available to performs mobile and stationary measurements at the same time
    • 14C analyses on filters. 10 daily samples at MSY and 10 samples at BCN. For each sample 2 analysis, one for OC the other for EC. This will be repeated during both for winter and summer campaigns.
    • 1 rotating drum impactors (2 hourly resolution for subsequent synchrotron-XRF at PSI).
    • 1 aethalometer.
    • 1 SMPS/calibration unit
    • 1 APS
    • Mobile laboratory (AMS, MAAP, FMPS, CO2, NOx, CO) to measure at different sites at the begining and at the end of the campaign
  • CIEMAT
    • Real time measurements of nitrate R&P 8400N (PM2.5, 10 min. time resolution)
    • Real time measurements of sulfate (Thermo, 10 m time resolution) -- will start later than 23-Feb due to technical issues
    • MOUDI (Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) impactor (ten size stages from 0.056mm to 18 mm and the filter back-up stage (<0.056 mm) : quartz fiber filters for chemical analysis
    • Low vol/or high vol sampler for SEM-EDX analysis of aerosols
  • UB
    • Cimel sunphotometer.
    • Spectroradiometers.
    • Meteorological instruments.

MSY_1

Gas-Phase Species
Parameter Technique Group Notes
PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Grimm Optical counter CSIC Corrected with gravimetric measurements
Black Carbon MAAP CSIC
Particle Number Concentration Butanol CPC (TSI) CSIC
SO2, NOx, O3, CO Monitoring-quality analyzers GenCat
Meteorological data Weather station CSIC
12 to 24 h speciation of PM10, PM2,5 and PM1 Weather station CSIC Includes sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, OC, EC, Ca, Al, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Ti, and 55 trace elements. Analysis will be performed after sampling with ICP-MS, ICP-AES, Sunset TO OC-EC, IC, seletive electrodes. Use of the filters for analysis would be exactly the same as described for BCN_1
OC (with positive and negative artifact correction) and EC in PM2.5 Low volume sampler (Partisol) with denuder and QBQ CSIC
2-hr resolution elemental composition 1 rotating drum impactor w/ subsequent synchrotron-XRF at PSI PSI
PM1 chemical analysis: 14C, molecular tracers and NMR spectral fingerprints (through collaborators in EUCARII) Low volume sampler (Partisol) with denuder and QBQ PSI Sampling will be 24h or 48h. These filters will not be weighed.

MSY_2

  • CIEMAT
    • SMPS
    • Low vol sampler for SEM-EDX analysis of aerosols
    • MOUDI (Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) impactor (ten size stages from 0.056mm to 18 mm and the filter back-up stage (<0.056 mm) : quartz fiber filters for chemical analysis
  • UC-CEH
    • ToF AMS
    • Dust track
  • CREAF
    • BVOC emission rates. Leaf enclosure technique will be employed using LiCor 6400 Photosynthesis System to determine photosynthetic activity and BVOC emission flux at a given temperature, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), relative humidity, and CO_2 concentration. Cuvette air samples will be drawn (pumped out) from the exhaust line into sampling tubes packed with adsorbents.
    • Analysis of air samples ­ C_5 to C_20 compounds will be determined. Air samples will be analyzed using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry at CREAF. In addition, scans of C_1 -C_20 VOCs will be conducted by sampling air with tedlar bags or canisters to be later analysed with PTR-MS (in case the PTR-MS itself can not be transported to the sites)
    • Calculations of biogenic VOC emission and modeling ­ emission fluxes will be calculated for different levels (1) leaf-and branch-scale, (2) canopy, and (3) landscape emission capacity model following standard algorithms with adjustments when appropriate.

BCN3

  • Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)-UPC
    • Meteo and AQ modeling and forecast (CMAQ, WRF) Air Quality Modeling, CALIOPE project. The forecast is for the following 48 hours.
      • 1) Europe, 12 km grid cell resolution,
      • 2) Iberian Peninsula, 4 km grid cell resolution and
      • 3) area of Barcelona, 1 km grid cell resolution
    • Daily DREAM mineral dust model forecasts North Africa/Europe and East-Asia: BSC-DREAM
  • UPC
    • Lidar measurements for PM up to 5km (aerosols above 5 km might also be detected depending on their concentration). Each Monday (2pm solar time ± 1 h and sunset -2 h + 3 h) and Thursday (sunset -2 h + 3 h). Additionally, 2 more measurements/week around 01:00 UTC and 13:00 UTC, coinciding with CALIPSO passage over Barcelona.

Media Coverage

Funding and Acknowledgements

  • CSIC Group, 14C analyses and some logistical expenses: Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science: Proyecto DOASUR: CGL2007-62505/CLI. Acción Complementaria DAURE CGL2007-30502-E/CLI, and Consolider-Ingenio project GRACCIECSD 2007-00067.
  • CIEMAT group: Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation: Accion Complentaria “Participación en la campaña DAURE 2009” CGL2008-02817-E/CLI, PROFASE Project CGL2007-64117/CLI as well as the GRACCIE project
  • Colorado & Penn State Groups: US National Science Foundation Grant ATM-0920940 (Atm. Chem. Program) and NSF OISE (Office of International Science and Engineering)
  • BSC: Project CALIOPE: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente 157/PC08/3-12.0
  • CREAF-CSIC: finantial support from the Spanish Government (CGL2006-04025/BOS, Consolider Montes CSD2008-00040), and the Catalan Government (grant SGR2005-00312)
  • CREAF has kindly allowed us to use MSY-2 as our field laboratory. Special thanks to Javier Retana (director of CREAF)for facilitating all sort of actions to allow us organizing the measurements.
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