Frere, H. B. E.,(1870), Notes on the Rann of Cutch and neighbouring region, J. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond., 40, 181-207. The following in an extract on earthquakes from pages 191-197. The extracted map is a small fraction of the original with names in text enlarged for clarity.

Earthquakes   The neighbourhood of "Cutch," including the Runn and the districts immediately adjoining it, is a region of constantly recurring earthquakes. The inhabitants of the Thurr bordering on the Runn assured me that the shocks were more observable during the warm months, and that not a hot season passed without several shocks being noted. But no earthquake is remembered in recent days exceeding in severity that which, beginning on the 16th of June, 1819, lasted, with a continual succession of perceptible shocks, till the 23rd of November in the same year.
       It is recorded [footnote-a very full account of the earthquake, by Captain MacMurdo, and others, is in Trans. Lit. Soc. Bombay, 3, 90, and other authorities quoted by Lyell] that till August no day passed without a shock, and 100 in all were noted. The first severe shocks were distinctly felt, and identified as far as Calcutta and Pondicherry in India, with a difference in time of seven or eight minutes. An earthquake was felt at the same time in Arabia, and the period was one of great volcanic movements in Southern Europe. The direction of the shocks in Cutch was from north-east to south-west.
       Readers of Lyell are familiar with the most marked of the phenomena attending this earthquake, in the subsidence of a large portion of the Western Runn, including the small town of Sindree, which sank several feet under the surface of the water, in the Luckput Inlet, formerly one of the main mouths of the Indus. At the same time there was a considerable elevation of a neighbouring part of the Runn, and in one place a mound 10 or 12 miles in length and of considerable height was thrown up. The mound, which is still visible, and known as the Allah Mound, or "Embankment of God," is of tolerably uniform height and thickness, with a long slope to the north and a more abrupt face to the south, and bears other indications of having been formed by a crack or fissure of the surface (at right angles to the direction of the undulation of the ground), one lip of the longitudinal fissure overlapping the other so as to throw up the edge and form the ridge above described.
       Besides the phenomena noted by MacMurdo, Burnes, and the other writers cited by Lyell, every old man in the country has some anecdote of his own relating to this great convulsion, I will only here mention a few which I do not remember seeing noted before:
1. It was remarked that in the districts south of Hyderabad all the canals drawn from the Fullalee River, an ancient natural channel of the Indus, stopped running when the earthquake occurred, and did not flow again for about three days. This indicates a general upheaving of the surface in the lower part of the course of the canal, which must have lasted for a day or two, and was followed by a return to its old level, as compared with the point where it branched off from the Indus.
2. Many spots are pointed out which, during the rockings of the earlier shocks, ejected, some, mud, others sand and water. These generally proved, when examined about 10 years ago, to be crater-like depressions, whence the earth and sand, which previously filled the space, had been ejected by a sudden explosion, and generally deposited on the mound to Leeward or northeast of the crater.
3. In some places we were told of small islets of raised ground, which formerly existed on the Runn, and which had been swallowed up, and we were taken to the spot, near Vingur, where such an islet used to stand out from the surface of the Runn. But in no such case did any hollow or chasm remain visible. The islet seemed to have melted down to the general level, and the description given by eye-witnesses of  what they saw indicated the action one would expect, from continued agitation of a mass of wet sand surrounded by water.
4. A curious proof of the frequency of earthquake tremor on the alluvial lands of Sind was mentioned to me by the late General John Jacob. He was extremely fond of astronomical observations, and used to amuse himself by taking the height of the sun at noon, daily, wherever he happened to be. He told me that he remarked that hardly a week passed without his detecting on the surface of the artificial horizon, when observing in the low lands in Sind, a slight tremor for which he was puzzled to account, till he carne to the conclusion that it he was puzzled to account, till he carne to the conclusion that it earth, which was imperceptible to the senses, but of which the earth, which was imperceptible to the senses, but of which the surface of the mercury gave sensible evidence.
       Tradition in Sind almost everywhere points to an unusual frequency of earthquakes, especially throughout the 'I'hurr and its neighbourhood, and many of the facts indicate a progressive upheaval of the surface, as a process still in constant operation. Thus in many parts of the Thurr, but especially in the northern borders and their neighbourhood, there is a constant complaint of the decrease of water in old wells, which is so general as to indicate some widely operative cause, such as a general rise in the surface. I am told that this complaint is by no means confined to the Desert, but that it is frequent in the district north of Delhi, and in many parts of the north-eastern Rajputana and the Gangetre Doab.
       From the frontiers of Sind unto Jeysalmere, the Thurr contains frequent traces of ancient watercourses which once flowed where no stream now flows even in the heaviest rains; and ruins of ancient towns and villages, which have for ages been utterly deserted, prove that the country in former days was more populous, and contained more water and cultivation than at present. Further south similar indications are very frequent, though owing to the want of permanent buildings in the Thurr itself, they are more frequently met with in the plain country east and west of it. Thus the plain between Hyderabad and Oomercote presents everywhere indications of having been thickly populated as far back as the Bhuddist period, and well irrigated by canals from the Indus, which no longer carry water in consequence of a slight change in the relative levels of the Indus and the plain to be irrigated.
    The change is not so great but that it may often be met by deepening the old canals.  The probable date of at least one great alteration of level is pretty clearly ascertained by the fate of the large city of Brahminabad, of which very extensive ruins still exist, and regarding the former history and destruction of which many facts are ascertainable. The ruins of Brahminabad are situated about 40 miles northeast from Hyderabad, on the banks of what was evidently a very large branch, if not the main channel, of the Indus, but which is now perfectly dry, The walls of the city, well-built of bricks, are still tolerably perfect, and include an area of 7 or 8 miles in circumference. The streets and houses are clearly traceable, and where the ruins are excavated often afford most interesting evidence of the wealth and civilisation of the inhabitants, and of the sudden manner in which the city was overwhelmed. Great quantities of small copper coins, and various objects in metal, earthenware, ivory, tortoiseshell, and stone have been dug up; many human skeletons, some crushed in the act of crouching in corners, and rows of skeletons of cattle in their sheds, testify to the nature and suddenness of the catastrophe.
       The date of the earthquake is ascertained by independent historical evidence as having occurred about 700 or 800 years ago, and though the local traditions are obscured by many picturesque legendary additions, there seems no reason to doubt the general assertion that, from that day to this, the waters of the Indus have never visited the ancient channel, which is still a conspicuous feature near the city, nor the plains in its neighbourhood, until brought back by the engineering works of the present possessors of Sind, which have drawn a supply of Indus water from a higher level.
       On the other or eastern side of the Desert similar evidence of destruction by earthquake of a great city is to be found in the neighbourhood of Balmeer. The ruins have never, as far as I am aware, been visited by any traveller who had leisure to examine them thoroughly; but judging from the descriptions given by casual observers, and from the beautiful specimens of stone carving procured from the ruins by Major George Tyrwhitt, which were for some time in the South Kensington Museum, and are now, I believe, in the new Architectural Museum in Dean Street, Westminster, some of the temples must have been of rare architectural beauty. I am not aware whether the exact date of the earthquake which destroyed the city has been ascertained, but it apparently corresponds closely with the period of the destruction of Brahminabad on the west side of the 'I'hurr.
       Very curious evidence of the gradual elevation of the land, or rather of the constant retrocession of the sea, is afforded by the traditions of the commercial community of Verawow, a small town in the district of Nugger-Parkur, at the south-east corner of the Thurr, formerly called "Pallee Nugger," or the ancient city, Verawow is the residence of a small Rajpoot chief, whose family has ruled in the neighbourhood for many ages. It is Vide an account of Brahminabad, published by Mr. A. F. Bellasis of the Bombay Civil Service, evidently a place of considerable antiquity, and besides the carved stone tombs of the chief's ancestors, contains some beautiful little white marble Jain temples, which appear from inscriptions to be from 500 to 000 years old. Some of them are said to have been built by ancestors of the present trading community at Verawow, whence in after ages a colony of traders established themselves at Mandavee, in Cutch, which has since become a great emporium of trade with Western India, Persia, Arabia, and Africa. Their account of themselves, which they state is supported by documentary evidence reaching back for many centuries, is, that they were originally settled as a trading community at a spot in the north-eastern angle of the Runn, not far from Barkasir, whence they removed to Verawow, then called Pallee Nugger, more than 800 years ago; that at that time sea-going ships came with ease to the immediate vicinity of the present town, and they still show the stone posts to which the ships were moored, when the present edge of the sand-hills was washed at every tide by the waters of the sea. They add, that in consequence of the progressive shoaling of the water a great portion of their community migrated 300 or 400 years ago to Mandavee, in Cutch, as a more convenient spot for sea-borne commerce,and that since that time the water near Verawow has gone on shoaling, till now it is several generations since any sea-borne ships have been near their ancient port. The truth of the main facts of this tradition seems to be beyond a doubt.
        I need not here recapitulate the evidence so ably brought together by Sir Charles Lyell on the subject of the extensive and constantly-recurring changes effected by earthquakes in this particular region, and in very recent times, as well as in remote ages. I would only remark that an extension of observations would everywhere afford the geological observer evidence of great changes in the level of the sea-shore at a comparatively recent period. 'I'ravelling westward he would find, on the coasts of Sind and Mekran, especially in the regions marked by the mud volcanoes, near Hinglay, [Hingor?] raised sea-beaches of such recent elevation that the shells remaining on them, unfossilized, have not yet lost all trace of their original colours, while if he travelled down the coast to the east of Cutch he would find similar evidence, both of elevation and depression, on the Kattywar coast, and some clearly within the historical period, as in the traces of the ancient city of Wullabah, described by Colonel Sykes, which has evidently been submerged in the ocean and again elevated, since it was a great capital not more than 1200 years ago. Equally conclusive evidence is found further south, in the Island of Bombay, which it has been satisfactorily proved has been twice submerged under the ocean, and  again elevated sufficiently to allow of fresh-water plants and animals living on it, before it finally assumed its present shape. The question naturally suggests itself-What connection have these convulsions with the peculiar formation of the earth's surface in the neighbourhood of Cutch? How far do they assist us to an explanation of the mode in which either the Runn or the 'I'hurr have been formed ?
    1st. As regards the Runn. It is obvious that the mode of formation of such an extensive level surface must have differed considerably from any process which we commonly see in action when the bed of the sea is raised by deposits of silt or sand, borne either by ocean currents or brought down to the coast by rivers. However still may be the waters in which the deposit takes place, the material is never uniformly spread over the ocean bed, so as to form a perfectly smooth surface. It is true, that as the coast of a river delta is raised to nearly the ordinary high-water level, a certain uniformity of surface is always observable, owing to the fact that no deposit can take place above the highest water-mark, and as soon as the deposit has nearly reached that level, there is a constant tendency to fill up depressions, as they are the only spots where fresh deposits can take place. Still, a delta always retains traces of the original mode of its formation, in the remains of the channels through which the water used to pass into and off it. But nothing of the kind is observable on the Runn, which is throughout its whole vast surface almost absolutely level, and free from even the smallest traces of water channels. It seems to me, that the constant recurrence of surface agitation from earthquakes, especially during the time when the surface is annually covered with a couple of feet of water, supplies exactly the kind of cause which would account for the uniformity of level.
     We have evidence that under the action of an earthquake mounds of such sandy soil as that of the Runn melted down, as it were, into the water which then covered the Runn, and that in place of the mound there is now the usual, firm, smooth level of the rest of the Runn. There seems no reason why the same sort of process, frequently repeated, should not obliterate all traces of creeks and water-courses, and reduce the Runn to the uniform surface which we now find. The Runn is, in fact, a great basin, protected from the direct action of the sea by the rocky ridges .of Cutch, and enclosed on the other three sides by higher and firmer lands, and the whole basin is subject to frequent earthquake-agitation, especially at the season when the lowest part is covered with water, The effect is, 011 a large scale, what would be produced by the gentle agitation of a tub half-filled with sand and water, the sand is shaken down into a nearly uniform, but slightly convex, surface, the water at the edges being a little deeper than in the centre. To a similar cause may, I think, be ascribed, beyond all doubt, both the gradual elevation of the Runn into" Put," and the corrugation of the surface of the elevated Put into the sand-hills of the Thurr. As before observed, the Put differs from the Runn only by its greater elevation, and comparative freedom from salt, and any cause which elevated the mainland in the neighbourhood of Cutch so gradually as not to cause violent disruption or cracking of the surface, would in no long course of ages convert the Runn into Put.