MAB Papers

MAB Design

• Ashmore, J. P.; Sang, R. T., Cathode design for a low-velocity metastable neon cold cathode discharge source. Measurement Science & Technology 2001, 12 (4), N17-N21. pdf
  • Use Ne for everything, which we aren't using at the moment.
  • Use teflon nozzle and brass ring for the anode(we would call this our cathode).
  • Compare different cathodes (our anodes): Says that the ring electrode is the best, while the thin, thick and brush are about the same.

• Auday, G.; Guillot, P.; Galy, J.; Brunet, H., Experimental study of the effective secondary emission coefficient for rare gases and copper electrodes. Journal of Applied Physics 1998, 83 (11), 5917-5921. pdf
  • Beaugrand reference from his poster

• Baker, M.; Palmer, A. J.; Sang, R. T., A high flux metastable atomic discharge source with three-dimensional translation. Measurement Science & Technology 2003, 14 (4), N5-N8.
  • Source with 3-D translation
  • Flux 9x10^14 metastable atoms/sr/sec
  • Using BN nozzle

• Berkout, V. D.; Doroshenko, V. M., Fragmentation of phosphorylated and singly charged peptide ions via interaction with metastable atoms. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2008, 278 (2-3), 150-157.
  • Beaugrand reference from poster
  • Has a quadrupole

• DeKieviet, M.; Durr, M.; Epp, S.; Lang, F.; Theis, M., Source for atomic beams of metastable gases: Design and performance. Review of Scientific Instruments 2004, 75 (2), 345-348. pdf
  • Microstructured electrode, our design 4
  • Flux ~10^14 metastable atoms/sr/sec

• Dos Santos, F. P.; Perales, F.; Leonard, J.; Sinatra, A.; Wang, J.; Pavone, F. S.; Rasel, E.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Leduc, M., Efficient magneto-optical trapping of a metastable helium gas. European Physical Journal-Applied Physics 2001, 14 (1), 69-76. pdf
  • This is our design 3

• Dumas, M. E.; Debrauwer, L.; Beyet, L.; Lesage, D.; Andre, F.; Paris, A.; Tabet, J. C., Analyzing the physiological signature of anabolic steroids in cattle urine using pyrolysis/metastable atom bombardment mass spectrometry and pattern recognition. Analytical Chemistry 2002, 74 (20), 5393-5404.
  • Lists lifetimes of metastable and the energies of the different energy states

• Fahey, D. W.; Parks, W. F.; Schearer, L. D., HIGH-FLUX BEAM SOURCE OF THERMAL RARE-GAS METASTABLE ATOMS. Journal of Physics E-Scientific Instruments 1980, 13 (4), 381-383. pdf
  • What we based design 1 off.
  • Flux 3.5x10^14 metastable atoms/sr/sec
  • Use sharp needle anode and skimmer cathode

• Faubert, D.; Paul, G. J. C.; Giroux, J.; Bertrand, M. J., SELECTIVE FRAGMENTATION AND IONIZATION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS USING AN ENERGY-TUNABLE RARE-GAS METASTABLE BEAM SOURCE. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 1993, 124 (1), 69-77. pdf
  • Similar to our design 2 that we spoke to Beaugrand about.
  • In the paper they show that they use a skimmer, not an off-axis cathode?
  • Flux 1.5x10^15 metastable atoms/sr/sec

• Harris, G. A.; Fernandez, F. M., Simulations and Experimental Investigation of Atmospheric Transport in an Ambient Metastable-Induced Chemical Ionization Source. Analytical Chemistry 2009, 81 (1), 322-329. pdf

• Kawanaka, J.; Hagiuda, M.; Shimizu, K.; Shimizu, F.; Takuma, H., GENERATION OF AN INTENSE LOW-VELOCITY METASTABLE-NEON ATOMIC-BEAM. Applied Physics B-Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 1993, 56 (1), 21-24. pdf

• Leasure, E. L.; Mueller, C. R.; Ridley, T. Y., HOT, METASTABLE ATOM, MOLECULAR-BEAM SOURCE. Review of Scientific Instruments 1975, 46 (5), 635-637. pdf
  • Use Lava nozzle, skimmer, and needle.
  • Gives cross sections*****

• Palmer, A. J.; Baker, M.; Sang, R. T., Quantitative comparison of rare-gas cold cathode discharge metastable atomic beam sources. Review of Scientific Instruments 2004, 75 (11), 5056-5058. pdf
  • Compare 2 types of sources: discharge between cathode and skimmer and discharge from cathode to nozzle (stainless steel).
  • List fluxes of different gas at different temperatures for the 2 sources.

• Searcy, J. Q., SUPERSONIC MOLECULAR-BEAM METASTABLE ATOM SOURCE INITIATED BY DIRECT DISCHARGE. Review of Scientific Instruments 1974, 45 (4), 589-590. pdf
  • One of the first to create a molecular beam of excited metastables this way.
  • Sharp anode and skimmer cathode

• Weiser, C.; Siska, P. E., MAGNETIC DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF SUPERSONIC METASTABLE ATOM BEAMS. Review of Scientific Instruments 1987, 58 (11), 2124-2130. pdf

Metastable Flux

• Dunning, F. B.; Rundel, R. D.; Stebbings, R. F., DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY-ELECTRON EJECTION COEFFICIENTS FOR RARE-GAS METASTABLE ATOMS. Review of Scientific Instruments 1975, 46 (6), 697-701. pdf
  • Lists the excitation energy of the different metastable states

• Halfmann, T.; Koensgen, J.; Bergmann, K., A source for a high-intensity pulsed beam of metastable helium atoms. Measurement Science & Technology 2000, 11 (10), 1510-1514. pdf
  • Reference from Traitlor thesis

• Mason, N. J.; Newell, W. R., A STATE SELECTIVE METASTABLE DETECTOR. Measurement Science & Technology 1991, 2 (6), 568-570. pdf

• Ohno, K.; Takami, T.; Mitsuke, K.; Ishida, T., STATE-RESOLVED COLLISION ENERGY-DEPENDENCE OF PENNING IONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS FOR N2 AND CO2 BY HE-STAR-23S. Journal of Chemical Physics 1991, 94 (4), 2675-2687. pdf
  • Lists flux values for different discharges

• Traitlor Thesis, 2002. pdf
  • Used this for help with flux calculations

Metastable Cross Sections

• Abolmasov, S. N.; Samukawa, S., Cold-cathode Penning discharge-based ionizer for detection of hyperthermal neutral beams. Review of Scientific Instruments 2007, 78 (7). pdf

• Alberti, M.; Lucas, J. M.; Brunetti, B.; Pirani, F.; Stramaccia, M.; Rosi, M.; Vecchiocattivi, F., Anisotropy effects in methyl chloride ionization by metastable neon atoms at thermal energies. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2000, 104 (7), 1405-1415.pdf

• Brunetti, B.; Candori, P.; Falcinelli, S.; Vecchiocattivi, F.; Sassara, A.; Chergui, M., Dynamics of the Penning ionization of fullerene molecules by metastable neon atoms. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2000, 104 (25), 5942-5945.pdf

• Carazzato, D.; Bertrand, M. J., CHARACTERIZATION OF A GLOW-DISCHARGE ION-SOURCE FOR THE MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 1994, 5 (4), 305-315.pdf

• Celotta, R.; Brown, H.; Molof, R.; Bederson, B., MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL CROSS SECTION FOR SCATTERING OF LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS BY METASTABLE ARGON. Physical Review A 1971, 3 (5), 1622-&.

• Koizumi, K.; Ohoyama, H.; Kasai, T., Collision-energy resolved steric effect on the Penning ionization reaction of tert-butyl bromide and Kr(P-3). Chemical Physics Letters 2003, 378 (5-6), 486-492.pdf

• Okada, S.; Ohoyama, H.; Kasai, T., Probing branching mechanism through resonance-type oscillation in the collision-energy dependence of Penning ionization reaction of Ar (P-3) with oriented CH3I. Journal of Chemical Physics 2003, 119 (14), 7131-7138.pdf

• Schappe, R. S.; Schulman, M. B.; Anderson, L. W.; Lin, C. C., MEASUREMENTS OF CROSS-SECTIONS FOR ELECTRON-IMPACT EXCITATION INTO THE METASTABLE LEVELS OF ARGON AND NUMBER DENSITIES OF METASTABLE ARGON ATOMS. Physical Review A 1994, 50 (1), 444-461.pdf

• Yamato, M.; Ohoyama, H.; Kasai, T., 2D-measurement of Penning ionization cross section upon molecular orientation and collision energy in Ar(P-3(2,0))+CHCl3 crossed beam reaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2001, 105 (13), 2967-2972.pdf

• Yoshida, H.; Kawamura, H.; Ukai, M.; Kouchi, N.; Hatano, Y., DEEXCITATION CROSS-SECTIONS OF AR(3P2, 3P1, 3P0, AND 1P1) BY CH4, SIH4, AND GEH4. Journal of Chemical Physics 1992, 96 (6), 4372-4377.pdf

Metastable Background

• Anderson, D. R.; Bierbaum, V. M.; Depuy, C. H.; Grabowski, J. J., FLOWING AFTERGLOW STUDIES OF ORGANIC POSITIVE-IONS GENERATED BY PENNING IONIZATION USING METASTABLE ARGON ATOMS. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 1983, 52 (1), 65-94. pdf

• Miller, W. H., THEORY OF PENNING IONIZATION .1. ATOMS. Journal of Chemical Physics 1970, 52 (7), 3563-&. pdf