Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

Research Publications

PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS

OASIS Report

OASIS (2014). OASIS (The Observatory for Atmosphere-Space Interaction Studies): Exploring the Interactions of Earth's Atmosphere with Space. An Atmospheric and Geospace Science Community Report submitted to the National Science Foundation, January 2014. [PDF reprint]

2024

Chu, X. (2024). Lidar studies of the upper atmosphere and near-space environment. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Third Edition, Chapter 9033, submitted 16 November 2024.

Jandreau, J., & Chu, X. (2024). Bias-Eliminating Techniques in the Computation of Power Spectra for Characterizing Gravity Waves: Interleaved Methods and Error Analyses. Earth and Space Science, submitted 28 Dec 2023; revised 19 April 2024; accepted 8 September 2024; published 10 October 2024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003499 [PDF reprint]

Becker, E., Vadas, S. L., & Chu, X. (2024). Multi-step vertical coupling via gravity waves from the lower to the upper atmosphere. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Third Edition, Chapter 7031, submitted 17 April 2024.

Chen, Y., & Chu, X. (2024). Can high-sensitivity Doppler lidar measurements of TIMt turning points contribute to the studies of turbopause?. 31st International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), submitted 31 March 2024.

Jandreau, J., Chu, X., Chen, Y., & Iribarren, J. (2024). Lidar Detection of Hunga Tonga Volcanic Aerosols in Antarctica. 31st International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), submitted 30 March 2024.

Chu, X., Jandreau, J., and Chen, Y. (2024). Vertical wind measurements with high-resolution lidars and impacts on Antarctica upper atmosphere studies. 22nd Coherent Laser Radar Conference (CLRC), submitted 28 March 2024.

Jandreau, J., & Chu, X. (2024). New lidar techniques to eliminate noise floor from spectra: A demonstration using Antarctic observatons and modeling. 31st International Laser Radar Conference, submitted 28 March 2024.

Chu, X., Gardner, C. S., Li, Xianxin, Jandreau, J., Chen, Y., & Diddams, A. (2024). High-detection-sensitivity Doppler and Boltzmann lidars for first measurements of vertical fluxes of sensible heat and meteoric Na and Fe in Antarctica. 31st International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), submitted 15 March 2024.

2023

Chen, Y., & Chu, X. (2023). First Discovery of Regular Occurrence of Mid-Latitude Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers Observed with High-Sensitivity Na Doppler Lidar and New Data Processing Techniques over Boulder. In J. T. Sullivan et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference, Chapter 110 (pp. 861-867). Springer Atmospheric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_110

Sutliff, G. W. S., & Chu, X. (2023). Extending the Useful Range of Fluorescence LIDAR Data by Applying the Layered Binning Technique. In J. T. Sullivan et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference, Chapter 75 (pp. 581-586). Springer Atmospheric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_75

Jandreau,J., & Chu, X. (2023). New Lidar Data Processing Techniques for Improving the Detection Range and Accuracy of Atmospheric Gravity Wave Measurements. In J. T. Sullivan et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference, Chapter 74 (pp. 573-579). Springer Atmospheric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_74

Chu, X., & Yang, G. (2023). Future Lidars for Cutting-Edge Sciences in Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere-Stratosphere Physics and Space-Atmosphere Coupling. In J. T. Sullivan et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference, Chapter 8 (pp. 57-63). Springer Atmospheric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_8

Chen, Y., & Chu, X. (2023). Lidar Observations of Predawn Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers over Boulder (40.13°N, 105.24°W): Annual Phase Variations and Correlation with Sunrise and Tidal Winds. Geophysical Research Letters, submitted 16 May 2023; resubmitted 23 July 2023; accepted 27 Aug 2023; published 13 Sept 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105626 [PDF reprint]

Sato, K., Tomikawa, Y., et al. (2023). Interhemispheric coupling study by observations and modeling (ICSOM): Concept, campaigns, and initial results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, revised 15 May 2023; accepted 19 May 2023; published 29 May 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038249 [PDF reprint]

2022

Jiao, J., Chu, X., Jin, H., Wang, Z., Xun, Y., Du, L., Zheng, H., Wu, F., Xu, J., Yuan, W., Yan, C., Wang, J., & Yang, G. (2022). First lidar profiling of meteoric Ca+ ion transport from ~80 to 300 km in the midlatitude nighttime ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, July 21; revised, August 25; accepted, Sept. 13; published, Sept. 16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100537 [PDF reprint]

Wu, F., Chu, X., Du, L., Jiao, J., Zheng, H., Xun, Y., Feng, W., Plane, J. M. C., & Yang, G. (2022). First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Sporadic Ni and Na (TISNi and TISNa) Layers (~105–120 km) over Beijing (40.5°N, 116.0°E). Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, July 11; revised, August 6; accepted, August 11; published August 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100397 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Gardner, C. S., Li, X., & Lin, Y.-T. (2022). Vertical Transport of Sensible Heat and Meteoric Na by the Complete Temporal Spectrum of Gravity Waves in the MLT Above McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.67°E), Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, submitted, August 20; revised, November 2021, May and June 2022; accepted, June 30, 2022; published July 9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035728 [PDF reprint]

2021

Jandreau, J., & Chu, X. (2022). Comparison of Three Methodologies for Removal of Random-Noise-Induced Biases from Second-Order Statistical Parameters of Lidar and Radar Measurements. Earth and Space Science, submitted, October 10; revised November 22; accepted, November 26, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002073 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Y. Chen, C. Y. Cullens, Z. Yu, Z. Xu, S.-R. Zhang, W. Huang, J. Jandreau, T. J. Immel, and A. D. Richmond (2021), Mid-Latitude Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers Observed with High-Sensitivity Na Doppler Lidar over Boulder (40.13ºN, 105.24ºW), Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, April 5; revised, May 12; accepted May 15, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093729 [PDF reprint]

2020

Chu, X., Y. Nishimura, Z. Xu, Z. Yu, J. M. C. Plane, C. S. Gardner, and Y. Ogawa (2020), First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Fe and Na (TIFe and TINa) Layers at McMurdo (77.84S,166.67E), Antarctica with Concurrent Measurements of Aurora Activity, Enhanced Ionization Layers, and Converging Electric Field, Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, August 3; revised, September 23; revised again, October 7; accepted, October 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090181 [PDF preprint]

Emmert, J. T., D. P. Drob, J. M. Picone, D. E. Siskind, M. Jones Jr., M. G. Mlynczak, P. F. Bernath, X. Chu, E. Doornbos, B. Funke, L. P. Goncharenko, M. E. Hervig, M. J. Schwartz, P. E. Sheese, F. Vargas, B. P. Williams, and T. Yuan (2020), NRLMSIS 2.0: A whole-atmosphere empirical model of temperature and neutral species densities, Earth and Space Science, submitted, June 29; revised, Sept. 9; accepted, Sept. 14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001321

Gardner, C. S., and X. Chu (2020), Eliminating Photon Noise Biases in the Computation of Second-Order Statistics of Lidar Temperature, Wind, and Species Measurements, Applied Optics, submitted, June 15; revised, August 6; accepted, August 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.400375 [PDF reprint]

Wu, H., X. Lu, G. Lu, X. Chu, W. Wang, Z. Yu, L. Kilcommons, D. Knipp, B. Wang, and Y. Nishimura (2020), Importance of Auroral Precipitation and Electrical Field Variability to the Storm-Time Thermospheric Temperature Enhancement and Inversion Layer (TTEIL) in the Antarctic E Region, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2020JA028224. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028224. submitted, May 11; revised, July 5; accepted, August 20, 2020. [PDF reprint]

Li, Zimu, X. Chu, V. L. Harvey, J. Jandreau, X. Lu, Z. Yu, J. Zhao, and W. Fong (2020), First Lidar Observations of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation-Induced Interannual Variations of Gravity Wave Potential Energy Density at McMurdo via a Modulation of the Antarctic Polar Vortex, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD032866. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032866 submitted, April 1; revised, May 28; accepted, July 6, 2020. [PDF reprint]

Li, Xianxin, Z. Wang, L. Du, X. Liu, X. Wang, C. Chen, X. Meng, H. Li, Q. Zhuang, W. Deng, X. Pan, and X. Chu (2020), Ship-borne MAX-DOAS Observations of Tropospheric Trace Gases over a Coastal City and the Yellow Sea Near Qingdao, China, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (JTECH), 37, 365-380, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0179.1. [PDF reprint]

2019

Lu, X., H. Wu, X. Chu, J. Oberheide, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III (2019), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of Short-Period Planetary Waves and Polar Night Jet in Winter Antarctica Observed in SABER and MERRA-2 and Mechanism Study with a Quasi-Geostrophic Model, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084759. [PDF reprint]

2018

R. Michael Jones, Alfred J. Bedard (2018), Atmospheric gravity wave ray tracing: Ordinary and extraordinary waves, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 179, 342-357, doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2018.08.014. [PDF reprint]

Dawkins, E. C. M., A. Feofilov, L. Rezac, A. A. Kutepov, D. Janches, J. Höffner, X. Chu, X. Lu, M.G. Mlynczak, and J. Russell III (2018). Validation of SABER v2.0 Operational Temperature Data with Ground-based Lidars in the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Region (75-105 km), Journal of Geophysics Research: Atmosphere, 123, 9916-9934, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028742. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., J. Zhao, X. Lu, V. L. Harvey, R. M. Jones, C. Chen, W. Fong, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, and A. Dörnbrack (2018), Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84° S, 166.69° E), Antarctica: Part II. Potential energy densities, lognormal distributions, and seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, 123, doi: 10.1029/2017JD027386. [PDF reprint]

Vadas, S. L., J. Zhao, X. Chu, and E. Becker (2018), The excitation of secondary gravity waves from body forces: Theory and observation, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 123, doi: 10.1029/2017JD027970. [PDF reprint]

2017

Lu, X., X. Chu, C. Chen, V. Nguyen, and A. K. Smith, First observations of short-period eastward propagating planetary waves from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere (110 km) in winter Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 10,744-10,753, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075641. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., and Z. Yu (2017), Formation mechanisms of neutral Fe layers in the thermosphere at Antarctica studied with a thermosphere-ionosphere Fe/Fe+ (TIFe) model, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 122, doi: 10.1002/2016JA023773. [PDF reprint]

Zhao, J., X. Chu, C. Chen, X. Lu, W. Fong, Z. Yu, R. Michael Jones, B. R. Roberts, and A. Dörnbrack (2017), Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: 1. Vertical wavelengths, periods, and frequency and vertical wave number spectra, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, doi: 10.1002/2016JD026368. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., and D. R. Marsh (2017), Preface to special issue: Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 162, 1-2, doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.08.032. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., X. Chu., H. Li, C. Chen, J. A. Smith, and S. L. Vadas (2017), Statistical characterization of high-to-medium frequency mesoscale gravity waves by lidar-measured vertical winds and temperatures in the MLT, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 162, 3-15,doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.10.009. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., and X. Chu (2017), Two-dimensional Morlet wavelet transform and its application to wave recognition methodology of automatically extracting two-dimensional wave packets from lidar observations in Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 162, 28-47, doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.10.016. [PDF reprint]

2016

Smith, J. A., and X. Chu, Investigation of field-widened Mach-Zehnder receiver to extend Fe Doppler lidar wind measurements from the thermosphere to the ground, Applied Optics, Vol. 55, Issue 6, pp. 1366-1380, doi: 10.1364/AO.55.001366, 2016. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., X. Chu, J. Zhao, B. R. Roberts, Z. Yu, W. Fong, X. Lu, and J. A. Smith, Lidar observations of persistent gravity waves with periods of 3-10 h in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere at McMurdo (77.83°S, 166.67°E), J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 121, 1483-1502, doi: 10.1002/2015JA022127, 2016. [PDF reprint]

2015

Gao, Q., X. Chu, X. Xue, X. Dou, T. Chen, and J. Chen, Lidar observations of thermospheric Na layers up to 170 km with a descending tidal phase at Lijiang (26.7N, 100.0E), China, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 120, doi: 10.1002/2015JA021808, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Abari, C. F., X. Chu, R. M. Hardesty, and J. Mann, A re-configurable all-fiber polarization-diversity coherent Doppler wind lidar, Applied Optics,doi: 10.1364/AO.54.008999, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., C. Chen, W. Huang, J. A. Smith, X. Chu, T. Yuan, P.-D. Pautet, M. J. Taylor, J. Gong, and C. Y. Cullens, A coordinated study of 1-h mesoscale gravity waves propagating from Logan to Boulder with CRRL Na Doppler lidars and temperature mapper, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., doi: 10.1002/2015JD023604, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Tsuda, T, X. Chu, T. Nakamura, M. Ejiri, T. Kawahara, Y. Yikimatu, and K. Hosokawa, A thermospheric Na layer event observed up to 140 km over Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E) in Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3647-3653, doi: 10.1002/2015GL064101, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., X. Chu, W. Fong, C. Chen, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts and A. J. McDonald, Vertical Evolution of Potential Energy Density and Vertical Wavenumber Spectrum of Antarctic Gravity Waves from 35 to 105 km at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 2719-2737, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022751, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Smith, J. A., and X. Chu, High-efficiency receiver architecture for resonance-fluorescence and Doppler lidars, Applied Optics, Vol. 54, Iss. 11, pp. 3173-3184, doi: 10.1364/AO.54.003173, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Fong, W., X. Chu, X. Lu, C. Chen, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, M. Codrescu, and A. D. Richmond, Lidar and CTIPe model studies of the fast amplitude growth with altitude of the diurnal temperature 'tides' in the Antarctic winter lower thermosphere and dependence on geomagnetic activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062784, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, C. S. Gardner, J. D. Carrillo-Sánchez, W. Feng, J. M. C. Plane, and D. Nesvorný, Measurements of the vertical fluxes of atomic Fe and Na at the mesopause: Implications for the velocity of cosmic dust entering the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062390, 2015. [PDF reprint]

2014

Fong, W., X. Lu, X. Chu, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, C. Chen, C. S. Gardner, and A. J. McDonald (2014), Winter temperature tides from 30 to 110 km at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica: Lidar observations and comparisons with WAM, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 2846-2863, doi: 10.1002/2013JD020784. [PDF reprint]

2013

Yamashita, C., H.-L. Liu, X. Chu, and P. Bechtold, Physical mechanisms of gravity wave variations associated with the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming, Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted, May 2013.

Lu, X., X. Chu, T. Fuller-Rowell, L. Chang, W. Fong, and Z. Yu, Eastward propagating planetary waves with periods of 1-5 days in the winter Antarctic stratosphere as revealed by MERRA and lidar, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9565-9578, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50717, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, C. S. Gardner, Z. Wang, W. Fong, J. A. Smith, and B. Roberts, Simultaneous, common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder Table Mountain (40.13°N, 105.24°W), Colorado, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 8748-8759, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50670, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., X. Chu, A. J. McDonald, S. L. Vadas, Z. Yu, W. Fong, and X. Lu, Inertia-gravity waves in Antarctica: A case study with simultaneous lidar and radar measurements at McMurdo/Scott Base(77.8S, 166.7E), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50318, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Friedman, J. S., X. Chu, C. Brum and X. Lu, Observation of a thermospheric descending layer of neutral K over Arecibo, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.03.002, 2013. [PDF reprint]

2012

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, and B. R. Roberts, Diurnal variations of the Fe layer in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Four season variability and solar effects on the layer bottomside at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D22303, doi: 10.1029/2012JD018079, 2012. [PDF reprint]

Tan, B., X. Chu, H.-L. Liu, C. Yamashita, and J. M. Russell III, Zonal-mean global teleconnection from 15 to 110 km derived from SABER and WACCM, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D10, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016750, 2012. [PDF reprint]

Friedman, J. S., D. Maldonado, I. González, J. Lautenbach, X. Chu, J. A. Smith, and W. Huang, High spectral resolution test and calibration of an ultra-narrowband Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter for use in daytime mesospheric resonance Doppler lidar, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 80, 187–194, 2012. [PDF reprint]

2011

Chu, X., Z. Yu, C. S. Gardner, C. Chen, and W. Fong (2011), Lidar observations of neutral Fe layers and fast gravity waves in the thermosphere (110-155 km) at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23807, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050016. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., W. Huang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, Z. Wang, J. A. Smith, and C. S. Gardner, First lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds and Fe temperatures at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16810, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048373, 2011. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., X. Chu, P. J. Espy, J. M. C. Plane, D. R. Marsh, and D. Janches, Seasonal variations of mesospheric Fe layers at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, D02304, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014655, 2011. [PDF reprint]

2010

Wang, Z., Z. Liu, L. Liu, S. Wu, B. Liu, Z. Li, and X. Chu, Iodine-filter-based mobile Doppler lidar to make continuous and full-azimuth-scanned wind measurements: Data acquisition and analysis system, data retrieval methods, and error analysis, Applied Optics, 49(36), 6960-6978, 2010. [PDF reprint]

McDonald, A. J., B. Tan, and X. Chu, Role of gravity waves in the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric temperature measured by COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 and Rayeligh lidar observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D19128, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013658, 2010. [PDF reprint]

Yamashita, C., H.-L. Liu, and X. Chu, Gravity wave variations during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming as revealed by ECMWF-T799 and observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L22806, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045437, 2010. [PDF reprint]

Yamashita, C., H.-L. Liu, and X. Chu, Responses of mesosphere and lower thermosphere temperatures to gravity wave forcing during stratospheric sudden warming, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L09803, doi: 10.1029/2009GL042351, 2010. [PDF reprint]

2009

Smith, J., X. Chu, W. Huang, and B. Tan, Applications of spectral analysis and filter design in laser frequency locking system for Na Doppler lidars, Optical Engineering, 48(10), 104301, 2009. [PDF reprint]

Friedman, J. S., X. Zhang, X. Chu, and J. Forbes, Longitude Variations of the Solar Semidiurnal Tides in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere at Low Latitudes Observed from Ground and Space, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D11114, doi: 10.1029/2009JD011763, 2009. [PDF reprint]

Yamashita, C., X. Chu, H.-L. Liu, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, and W. Huang, Stratospheric gravity wave characteristics and seasonal variations observed by lidar at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D12101, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011472, 2009. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, J. Wiig, B. Tan, C. Yamashita, T. Yuan, J. Yue, S. D. Harrell, C.-Y. She, B. P. Williams, J. S. Friedman, and R. M. Hardesty, First field demonstration of simultaneous wind and temperature measurements from 5 to 50 km with a Na double-edge magneto-optic filter in a multi-frequency Doppler lidar, Optics Letters, 34(10), 1552-1554, May 15, 2009b. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, S. D. Harrell, J. Wiig, and C.-Y. She, Na double-edge magneto-optic filter for Na lidar profiling of wind and temperature in the lower atmosphere, Optics Letters, 34(2), 199-201, January 15, 2009a. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer, Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, 434-445, 2009. [PDF reprint]

2008

Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, and A. T. Brown, LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar application, Optical Engineering, 47(11), 114201, 2008. [PDF reprint]

2007

Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Nocturnal temperature structure in the mesopause region over the Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W): Seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D14107, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008220, 2007. [PDF reprint]

2006

Chu, X., P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, J. C. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from 2002-2005: properties and implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007086, 2006. [PDF reprint]

Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 102-113, 2006. [PDF reprint]

2005

Chu, X., and G. C. Papen, Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere, in the book of Laser Remote Sensing, edited by T. Fujii and T. Fukuchi, published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN: 0-8247-4256-7, page 179-432, 2005.

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and S. J. Franke, Nocturnal thermal structure of the MLT region at Maui, HI (20.7°N) and Starfire Optical Range, NM (35°N), Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D09S03, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004891, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Franke, S. J., X. Chu, A. Z. Liu, and W. K. Hocking, Comparison of meteor radar and Na Doppler lidar measurements of winds in the mesopause region above Maui, HI, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D09S02, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004486, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Stevens, M. H., R. R. Meier, X. Chu, M. T. DeLand, and J. M. C. Plane, Antarctic polar mesospheric clouds formed from space shuttle exhaust, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L13810, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023054, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Zhao, Y., M. J. Taylor, and X. Chu, Comparison of simultaneous Na lidar and mesospheric nightglow temperature measurements and the effects of tides on the emission layer heights, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D09S07, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005115, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., J. M. C. Plane, W. Pan, T. Vondrak, B. J. Murray, and X. Chu, Seasonal variations of the Na and Fe layers at the South Pole and their implications for the chemistry and general circulation of the polar mesosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D10302, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005670, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Diettrich, J., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, G.R. Swenson, X. Chu, M. J. Taylor, D. M. Riggin and D.C. Fritts, High frequency atmospheric gravity-wave properties using Fe-lidar and OH-imager observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021944, 2005. [PDF reprint]

2004

Chu, X., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, C. S. Gardner, J. C. Diettrich, M. A. Clilverd, and M. J. Jarvis, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Geophysical Research Letter, 31, L02114, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018638, 2004. [PDF reprint]

Plane, J. M. C., B. J. Murray, X. Chu, and C. S. Gardner, Removal of meteoric iron on polar mesospheric clouds, Science, 304, 426-428, 2004. [PDF reprint]

2003

Chu, X., G. S. Gardner, and R. G. Roble, Lidar studies of interannual, seasonal and diurnal variations of polar mesospheric clouds at the South Pole, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D8), 8447, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002524, 2003. [PDF reprint]

2002

Chu, X., W. Pan, G. Papen, C. S. Gardner, and J. Gelbwachs, Fe Boltzmann Temperature LIDAR: Design, Error Analysis, and Initial Results at the North and South Poles, Applied Optics, 41, 4400-4410, 2002. . [PDF reprint]

Drummond, J. D., B. W. Grime, C. S. Gardner, A. Z. Liu, X. Chu, M. C. Kelley, C. Kruschwitz, T. J. Kane, Observations of persistent Leonid meteor trails III: The "Glowworm", Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (A8), 10.1029/2001JA000223, 2002. [PDF reprint]

2001

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and G. Papen, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Seasonal variations, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1203-1206, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and G. Papen, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Diurnal variations, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1937-1940, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., G. C. Papen, X. Chu, and W. Pan, First lidar observations of middle atmosphere temperatures, Fe densities, and polar mesospheric clouds over the North and South Poles, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1199-1202, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Drummond, J. D., B. W. Grime, C. S. Gardner, A. Z. Liu, X. Chu, M. C. Kelley, C. Kruschwitz, and T. J. Kane, Observations of persistent Leonid meteor trails I: Advection of the Diamond Ring, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (A10), 21517-21524, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Kruschwitz, C. A., M. C. Kelley, C. S. Gardner, A. Z. Liu, X. Chu, J. D. Drummond, B. W. Grime, W. T. Armstrong, J. M. C. Plane, and P. Jenniskens, Observations of persistent Leonid meteor trails II: Photometry and numerical modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (A10), 21525-21541, 2001. [PDF reprint]

2000

Chu, X., W. Pan, G. Papen, C. S. Gardner, G. Swenson, and P. Jenniskens, Characteristics of Fe ablation trails observed during the 1998 Leonid meteor shower, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1807-1810, 2000. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., A. Z. Liu, G. Papen, C. S. Gardner, M. Kelley, J. Drummond, and R. Fugate, Lidar observations of elevated temperatures in bright chemiluminescent meteor trails during the 1998 Leonid shower, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1815-1818, 2000. [PDF reprint]

Kelley, M. C., C. S. Gardner, J. Drummond, T. Armstrong, A. Liu, X. Chu, G. Papen, C. Kruschwitz, P. Loughmiller, B. Grime, J. Engelmam, R. Fugate, R. Ruane, First observations of long-lived meteor trains with resonance lidar and other optical instruments, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1811-1814, 2000. [PDF reprint]

Before 2000

Chu, X. Z., M. Holzki, R. Alheit, and G. Werth, Observation of high-order motional resonances of an ion cloud in a Paul trap, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 173, 107-112, 1998.

Razvi, M. A. N., X. Z. Chu, R. Alheit, G. Werth and R. Blümel, Fractional frequency collective parametric resonances of an ion cloud in a Paul trap, Physical Review A, 58, Rapid Communications, R34-R37, 1998.

Alheit, R., X. Z. Chu, M. Hoefer, M. Holzki, G. Werth and R. Blümel, Nonlinear collective oscillations of an ion cloud in a Paul trap, Physical Review A, 56, 4023-4031, 1997.

Alt, W., M. Block, V. Schmidt, T. Nakamura, P. Seibert, X. Chu, and G. Werth, Shifts of the 3D-4P transitions in different isotopes of positive Calcium ions, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 30, L677-L681, 1997.

Chu, X. Z., S. Q. Liu, and T. Q. Dong, Experimental study of AC Zeeman effect in the 87Rb atomic frequency standard, Acta Physica Sinica (Overseas Edition), 5, 423-430, 1996.

Chu, X. Z., S. Q. Liu, and T. Q. Dong, Microwave power frequency shift in the 87Rb atomic frequency standard, Acta Physica Sinica, 43, 1072-1076, 1994.

PEER-REVIEWED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Chu, X., Z. Yu, C. Chen, W. Fong, W. Huang, C. S. Gardner, Z. Wang, B. Roberts, and J. A. Smith, McMurdo lidar campaign: A new look into polar upper atmosphere, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1019-1022, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Wang, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, J. A. Smith, and B. Roberts, Refurbishment and upgrade of Fe Boltzmann/Rayleigh temperature lidar at Boulder for McMurdo lidar campaign in Antarctica, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 207-210, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., X. Chu, Z. Yu, W. Fong, A. J. McDonald, X. Lu, and W. Huang, Lidar and radar investigation of inertia gravity wave intrinsic properties at McMurdo, Antarctica, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1057-1060, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Wang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, J. A. Smith and B. Roberts, Simultaneous and common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder (40N, 105W), Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1081-1084, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., W. Huang, J. P. Thayer, Z. Wang, and J. A. Smith, Progress in MRI Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler Lidar, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 947-950, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Chu, X. and W. Huang, Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy and Optical Heterodyne Detection for Accurate Frequency Control of Fe-Resonance Doppler Lidar, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 969-972, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010 – won the 25th ILRC Best Poster Paper Award.

Fong, W., W. Huang, Z. Wang, B. Roberts, B. Tan, C. Yamashita, X. Chu, T. Yuan, S. D. Harrell, C.-Y. She, Wind and temperature from 10 to 45 km simultaneously measured with a Na-DEMOF-based 3-frequency Doppler lidar, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1003-1006, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Smith, J. A., X. Chu, J. S. Friedman, Feasibility analysis of a novel system for automatic beam alignment and spatial mode analysis in Rayleigh and resonance LIDAR, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 86-89, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Wang, Z., Z. Liu, S. Wu, B. Liu, Z. Li, X. Chu and W. Huang, Automated and Full-Azimuth-Scanned Wind Measurements in PPI and RHI Modes with A Mobile Doppler Wind Lidar Based on Iodine Filters, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 297-300, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Sarris, T. E., E. R. Talaat, A. Papayannis, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, J. Penson, V. Antakis, A. Vouldis, M. Koukouli, Ch. Kalaitzidis, E. Armandillo, Study Results for the Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp.1355-1358, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Antakis, V., A. Vouldis, A. Papayannis, T. Sarris, X. Chu, E. R. Talaat, and E. Armandillo, Error analysis simulation for a fluorescence lidar system of the proposed GLEME mission, Proceeding of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1336-1339, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-9 July 2010.

Chu, X., Advances in Middle Atmosphere Research with LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, invited paper, pp. 769-772, 2008.

Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, and J. P. Thayer, MRI: Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar principle, design, and analysis, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 801-804, 2008.

Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption and Polarization Spectroscopy for Resonance Fluorescence Doppler Lidars, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 809-812, 2008.

Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, J. Wiig, CRRL/CTC: Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for Wind and Temperature Profiling in lower atmosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 805-808, 2008.

Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: LabVIEW-Software-Based Laser Frequency Locking Servo System for Atmospheric Doppler LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 141-144, 2008.

Talaat, E. R., T. E. Sarris, A. Papayannis, E. Armandillo, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, and V. Antakis, GLEME: Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 832-834, 2008.

Chu, X., Alexandrite-ring-laser-based Fe Doppler lidar for mobile/airborne deployment, Proceeding of the 23rd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), PP.385-388, Nara, Japan, 24-28 July 2006.

Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Tropical/sub-tropical mesopause thermal structure from Arecibo, PR (18.35°N, 66.75°W) and Maui, HI (20.7°N, 156.3°W), Proceeding of the 23rd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), PP. 577-580, Nara, Japan, 24-28 July 2006.

Simpson, S. E., X. Chu, A. Z. Liu, W. Robinson, G. J. Nott, J. Diettrich, P. J. Espy, and J. Shanklin, Polar stratospheric clouds observed by a lidar at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5°S, 68.0°W), invited paper in Proceeding of SPIE Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring VI, vol. 5887, pp. 58870T-1 - 58870T-13, 2005.

Chu, X., and C. S. Gardner, Pole-to-Pole: Lidar observations of middle and upper atmosphere temperature and polar mesospheric clouds over the North and South Poles, invited paper in Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering): Lidar remote sensing for industry and environment monitoring III, vol. 4893, pp. 223-236, 2003.

Chu, X, C. S. Gardner, and R. G. Roble, Polar mesospheric clouds at the South Pole, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering): Lidar remote sensing for industry and environment monitoring III, vol. 4893, pp. 504-515, 2003.

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, W. Pan, and G. Papen, Recent results from the University of Illinois iron Boltzmann temperature lidar, Proceedings of the 20th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 412-415, Vichy, France, July, 2000.

CONFERENCE PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, W. Fong and C. S. Gardner, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds, Fe layers, and their interactions at McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Fong, W., C. Chen, X. Lu, X. Chu, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, A. J. McDonald, S. L. Vadas, and T. Fuller-Rowell, First results on temperature tides and two concurrent inertia-gravity waves from 30 to 110 km in the winter at McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012.

Tsuda, T., X. Chu, T. Nakamura, M. K. Ejiri, and T. Kawahara, Sodium layer in the thermosphere (110-130 km) observed at Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E) in Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Chu, X., C. Chen, Z. Yu, W. Fong, B. Roberts, X. Lu, T. Fuller-Rowell, S. L. Vadas, A. J. McDonald, and C. S. Gardner, Gravity waves from 30 to 155 km observed by an Fe lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica, invited talk at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 5 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, B. Roberts, and J. A. Smith, Solar effects on the mesospheric iron chemistry observed by lidar at McMurdo (77.8S, 166.7E), Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 6 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Tan, B., H.-L. Liu, and X. Chu, Studying the "cold pole" problem in WACCM and comparison to lidar temperature morphology, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA31B-1973), San Francisco, CA, December 7, 2011.

Yamashita, C., H.-L. Liu, and X. Chu, Gravity wave source variations and their impacts on the upper atmosphere during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming, talk at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA34A-03), San Francisco, CA, December 7, 2011.

Friedman, J. S., X. Chu, C. G. Brum, S. M. Smith, and J. Yue, Metal atoms observed in the thermosphere over Arecibo, talk at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA41C-03), San Francisco, CA, December 8, 2011.

Fong, W., X. Chu, Z. Yu, C. Chen, and W. Huang, Diurnal and seasonal variations of temperatures from lower to upper atmosphere at McMurdo, Antarctica in 2011, talk at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA41C-05), San Francisco, CA, December 8, 2011.

Chu, X., Z. Yu, W. Huang, W. Fong, C. Chen, Z. Wang, J. A. Smith, and C. S. Gardner, Advances of lidar investigation of the middle and upper atmosphere from McMurdo, Antarctica, invited talk at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2011 (SA44A-03), San Francisco, CA, December 8, 2011.

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, and W. Fong, Diurnal variations of meteoric Fe layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51A-1909), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011.

Chen, C., X. Chu, W. Fong, Z. Yu, A. McDonald, and X. Lu, Lidar and radar investigation of gravity wave characteristics, propagation and dissipation from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere over McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51A-1910), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011.

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Wang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, J. A. Smith and B. Roberts, Simultaneous and common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder (40°N, 105°W), poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51B-1946), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011.

Dahlke, I., B. Roberts, W. Fong, J. A. Smith, W. Huang, and X. Chu, STAR lidar development, poster at the CEDAR workshop, Boulder, CO, June 22, 2010.

Wang, Z., W. Huang, W. Fong, J. Smith, Z. Yu, B. Roberts, B. Tan, and X. Chu, Fe Boltzmann and Rayleigh temperature lidar for McMurdo Campaign: Refurbishment, upgrade and initial results at Boulder, poster at the CEDAR workshop, Boulder, CO, June 22, 2010.

Tan, B., X. Chu, and C. Yamashita, Correlation of stratopause and mesopause, and temperatures at different altitudes, poster at the CEDAR workshop, Boulder, CO, June 22, 2010.

Friedman, J. S., X. Zhang, X. Chu, and J. M. Forbes, Low-latitude thermal semidiurnal tide: longitudinal and seasonal variations based on ground-based measurements from Arecibo and Maui, space-based measurements by SABER, and modeling with GSWM-02, talk in SPIE Remote Sensing of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere, 23 September 2010.

Tan, B., X. Chu, H.-L. Liu, C. Yamashita, V. L. Harvey, C. S. Gardner, and P. J. Espy, Comparative study of stratopause at the South Pole and Rothera, poster at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2010.

Yamashita, C., H.-L. Liu, and X. Chu, Gravity wave source variations and their impacts during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming, poster at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2010.

Gausa, M., S. Blindheim, J. E. Kristjansson, and X. Chu, Identification of volcanic ash over ALOMAR by lidar during the eruption of Eyjafjallajøkull in Iceland (April 2010), talk at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2010.

Chu, X., R. Collins, M. Stevens, J. M. C. Plane, et al., Space shuttle impacts on mesospheric clouds and iron layers as observed by lidars and satellites in the Antarctic and Arctic, talk at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 17, 2009.

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Wang, B. Roberts, W. Fong, T. Yuan, J. Yue, S. Harrell, and C.-Y. She, Simultaneous wind and temperature measurements in lower atmosphere by a 3-frequency Doppler lidar with a Na double-edge magneto-optic filter, talk at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 16, 2009.

Tan, B., L. Harvey, X. Chu, P. J. Espy, and C. S. Gardner, Comparative study of middle atmosphere temperature at Rothera with lidar and SABER, poster at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 18, 2009.