Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

McMurdo Project: Publications

As results of the McMurdo Project are published, sources will be listed below.

Publications from Current Campaign

Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications

Chen, Y., & Chu, X. (2023). Lidar Observations of Predawn Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers over Boulder (40.13°N, 105.24°W): Annual Phase Variations and Correlation with Sunrise and Tidal Winds. Geophysical Research Letters, submitted 16 May 2023; resubmitted 23 July 2023; accepted 27 Aug 2023.

Sato, K., Tomikawa, Y., et al. (2023). Interhemispheric coupling study by observations and modeling (ICSOM): Concept, campaigns, and initial results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, revised 15 May 2023; accepted 19 May 2023; published 29 May 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038249 [PDF reprint]

Jiao, J., Chu, X., Jin, H., Wang, Z., Xun, Y., Du, L., Zheng, H., Wu, F., Xu, J., Yuan, W., Yan, C., Wang, J., & Yang, G. (2022). First lidar profiling of meteoric Ca+ ion transport from ~80 to 300 km in the midlatitude nighttime ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, July 21; revised, August 25; accepted, Sept. 13; published, Sept. 16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100537 [PDF reprint]

Wu, F., Chu, X., Du, L., Jiao, J., Zheng, H., Xun, Y., Feng, W., Plane, J. M. C., & Yang, G. (2022). First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Sporadic Ni and Na (TISNi and TISNa) Layers (~105?~@~S120 km) over Beijing (40.5°N, 116.0°E). Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, July 11; revised, August 6; accepted, August 11; published August 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100397 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Gardner, C. S., Li, X., & Lin, Y.-T. (2022). Vertical Transport of Sensible Heat and Meteoric Na by the Complete Temporal Spectrum of Gravity Waves in the MLT Above McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.67°E), Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, submitted, August 20; revised, November 2021, May and June 2022; accepted, June 30, 2022; published July 9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035728 [PDF reprint]

Jandreau, J., & X. Chu (2022). Comparison of Three Methodologies for Removal of Random-Noise-Induced Biases from Second-Order Statistical Parameters of Lidar and Radar Measurements. Earth and Space Science, submitted, October 10; revised November 22; accepted, November 26, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002073 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Y. Chen, C. Y. Cullens, Z. Yu, Z. Xu, S.-R. Zhang, W. Huang, J. Jandreau, T. J. Immel, and A. D. Richmond (2021), Mid-Latitude Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers Observed with High-Sensitivity Na Doppler Lidar over Boulder (40.13°N,105.24°W), Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, April 5; revised, May 12; accepted May 15, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093729 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Y. Nishimura, Z. Xu, Z. Yu, J. M. C. Plane, C. S. Gardner, and Y. Ogawa (2020), First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Fe and Na (TIFe and TINa) Layers at McMurdo (77.84°S,166.67°E), Antarctica with Concurrent Measurements of Aurora Activity, Enhanced Ionization Layers, and Converging Electric Field, Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, August 3; revised, September 23; revised again, October 7; accepted, October 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090181. [PDF preprint]

Gardner, C. S., and X. Chu (2020), Eliminating Photon Noise Biases in the Computation of Second-Order Statistics of Lidar Temperature, Wind, and Species Measurements, Applied Optics, submitted, June 15; revised, August 6; accepted, August 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.400375. [PDF reprint]

Wu, H., X. Lu, G. Lu, X. Chu, W. Wang, Z. Yu, L. Kilcommons, D. Knipp, B. Wang, and Y. Nishimura (2020), Importance of Auroral Precipitation and Electrical Field Variability to the Storm-Time Thermospheric Temperature Enhancement and Inversion Layer (TTEIL) in the Antarctic E Region, Journal of Geophysical Research -- Space Physics, submitted, May 11; revised, July 5; accepted, August 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028224. [PDF reprint]

Li, Zimu, X. Chu, V. L. Harvey, J. Jandreau, X. Lu, Z. Yu, J. Zhao, and W. Fong (2020), First Lidar Observations of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation-Induced Interannual Variations of Gravity Wave Potential Energy Density at McMurdo via a Modulation of the Antarctic Polar Vortex, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD032866. submitted, April 1; revised, May 28; accepted, July 6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032866 [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., H. Wu, X. Chu, J. Oberheide, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III (2019), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of Short-Period Planetary Waves and Polar Night Jet in Winter Antarctica Observed in SABER and MERRA-2 and Mechanism Study with a Quasi-Geostrophic Model, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084759. [PDF reprint]

Jones, R. M., and A. J. Bedard (2018), Atmospheric gravity wave ray tracing: Ordinary and extraordinary waves, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 179, 342-357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.08.014. [PDF reprint]

Dawkins, E. C. M., A. Feofilov, L. Rezac, A. A. Kutepov, D. Janches, J. Höffner, X. Chu, X. Lu, M.G. Mlynczak, and J. Russell III (2018). Validation of SABER v2.0 Operational Temperature Data with Ground-based Lidars in the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Region (75-105 km), Journal of Geophysics Research: Atmosphere, 123, 9916-9934, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028742. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., J. Zhao, X. Lu, V. L. Harvey, R. M. Jones, C. Chen, W. Fong, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, and A. Dörnbrack (2018), Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: Part II. Potential energy densities, lognormal distributions, and seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027386. [PDF reprint]

Vadas, S. L., J. Zhao, X. Chu, and E. Becker (2018), The excitation of secondary gravity waves from body forces: Theory and observation, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027970. [PDF reprint].

Vadas, S. L., and E. Becker (2018), Numerical modeling of the excitation, propagation, and dissipation of primary and secondary gravity waves during wintertime at McMurdo Station in the Antarctic, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027974. [PDF reprint]

Becker, E., & S. L. Vadas (2018), Secondary gravity waves in the winter mesosphere: Results from a high-resolution global circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Reseach: Atmospheres, 123, 2605-2627, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027460. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S. (2018), Role of wave-induced diffusion and energy flux in the vertical transport of atmospheric constituents in the mesopause region, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028359. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., X. Chu, C. Chen, V. Nguyen, and A. K. Smith (2017), First observations of short-period eastward propagating planetary waves from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere (110 km) in winter Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 10,744-10,753, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075641. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., and Z. Yu (2017), Formation mechanisms of neutral Fe layers in the thermosphere at Antarctica studied with a thermosphere-ionosphere Fe/Fe+ (TIFe) model, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 122, 6812-6848, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023773. [PDF reprint]

Zhao, J., X. Chu, C. Chen, X. Lu, W. Fong, Z. Yu, R. Michael Jones, B. R. Roberts, and A. Dörnbrack (2017), Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: 1. Vertical wavelengths, periods, and frequency and vertical wave number spectra, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 5042-5062, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026368. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., and D. R. Marsh (2017), Preface to special issue: Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 162, 1-2, 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.08.032.

Chen, C., and X. Chu (2017), Two-dimensional Morlet wavelet transform and its application to wave recognition methodology of automatically extracting two-dimensional wave packets from lidar observations in Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 162, 28-47, 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.10.016. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., and W. Huang (2016), Impact of horizontal transport, temperature, and PMC uptake on mesospheric Fe at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 10.1002/2015JD024674.

Chen, C., X. Chu, J. Zhao, B. R. Roberts, Z. Yu, W. Fong, X. Lu, and J. A. Smith, Lidar observations of persistent gravity waves with periods of 3-10 h in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere at McMurdo (77.83°S, 166.67°E), J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 121, 1483-1502, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022127, 2016. [PDF reprint]

Gao, Q., X. Chu, X. Xue, X. Dou, T. Chen, and J. Chen, Lidar observations of thermospheric Na layers up to 170 km with a descending tidal phase at Lijiang (26.7N, 100.0E), China, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 120, doi: 10.1002/2015JA021808, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Tsuda, T, X. Chu, T. Nakamura, M. Ejiri, T. Kawahara, Y. Yikimatu, and K. Hosokawa, A thermospheric Na layer event observed up to 140 km over Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E) in Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3647-3653, doi: 10.1002/2015GL064101, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., X. Chu, W. Fong, C. Chen, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts and A. J. McDonald, Vertical Evolution of Potential Energy Density and Vertical Wavenumber Spectrum of Antarctic Gravity Waves from 35 to 105 km at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 2719-2737, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022751, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Fong, W., X. Chu, X. Lu, C. Chen, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, M. Codrescu, and A. D. Richmond, Lidar and CTIPe model studies of the fast amplitude growth with altitude of the diurnal temperature 'tides' in the Antarctic winter lower thermosphere and dependence on geomagnetic activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi:10.1002/2014GL062784, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, C. S. Gardner, J. D. Carrillo-Sánchez, W. Feng, J. M. C. Plane, and D. Nesvorný, Measurements of the vertical fluxes of atomic Fe and Na at the mesopause: Implications for the velocity of cosmic dust entering the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi:10.1002/2014GL062390, 2015. [PDF reprint]

Fong, W., X. Lu, X. Chu, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, C. Chen, C. S. Gardner, and A. J. McDonald (2014), Winter temperature tides from 30 to 110 km at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica: Lidar observations and comparisons with WAM, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 2846-2863, doi:10.1002/2013JD020784. [PDF reprint]

Lu, X., X. Chu, T. Fuller-Rowell, L. Chang, W. Fong, and Z. Yu, Eastward propagating planetary waves with periods of 1-5 days in the winter Antarctic stratosphere as revealed by MERRA and lidar, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9565-9578, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50717, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, C. S. Gardner, Z. Wang, W. Fong, J. A. Smith, and B. Roberts, Simultaneous, common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder Table Mountain (40.13°N, 105.24°W), Colorado, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 8748-8759, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50670, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., X. Chu, A. J. McDonald, S. L. Vadas, Z. Yu, W. Fong, and X. Lu, Inertia-gravity waves in Antarctica: A case study with simultaneous lidar and radar measurements at McMurdo/Scott Base(77.8S, 166.7E), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50318, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Friedman, J. S., X. Chu, C. Brum and X. Lu, Observation of a thermospheric descending layer of neutral K over Arecibo, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.03.002, 2013. [PDF reprint]

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, and B. R. Roberts, Diurnal variations of the Fe layer in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Four season variability and solar effects on the layer bottomside at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D22303, doi:10.1029/2012JD018079, 2012. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., Z. Yu, C. S. Gardner, C. Chen, and W. Fong, Lidar observations of neutral Fe layers and fast gravity waves in the thermosphere (110-155 km) at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23807, doi:10.1029/2011GL050016, 2011. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., W. Huang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, Z. Wang, J. A. Smith, and C. S. Gardner, First lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds and Fe temperatures at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16810, doi:10.1029/2011GL048373, 2011. [PDF reprint]

Peer-Reviewed Conference Proceedings

Chu, X., Z. Yu, C. Chen, W. Fong, W. Huang, C. S. Gardner, Z. Wang, B. Roberts, and J. A. Smith, McMurdo lidar campaign: A new look into polar upper atmosphere, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1019-1022, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Wang, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, J. A. Smith, and B. Roberts, Refurbishment and upgrade of Fe Boltzmann/Rayleigh temperature lidar at Boulder for McMurdo lidar campaign in Antarctica, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 207-210, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Chen, C., X. Chu, Z. Yu, W. Fong, A. J. McDonald, X. Lu, and W. Huang, Lidar and radar investigation of inertia gravity wave intrinsic properties at McMurdo, Antarctica, Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1057-1060, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Wang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, J. A. Smith and B. Roberts, Simultaneous and common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder (40N, 105W), Proceeding of the 26th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 1081-1084, Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June 2012. [PDF reprint]

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, W. Fong and C. S. Gardner, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds, Fe layers, and their interactions at McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Fong, W., C. Chen, X. Lu, X. Chu, Z. Yu, B. R. Roberts, A. J. McDonald, S. L. Vadas, and T. Fuller-Rowell, First results on temperature tides and two concurrent inertia-gravity waves from 30 to 110 km in the winter at McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012.

Tsuda, T., X. Chu, T. Nakamura, M. K. Ejiri, and T. Kawahara, Sodium layer in the thermosphere (110-130 km) observed at Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E) in Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 4 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Chu, X., C. Chen, Z. Yu, W. Fong, B. Roberts, X. Lu, T. Fuller-Rowell, S. L. Vadas, A. J. McDonald, and C. S. Gardner, Gravity waves from 30 to 155 km observed by an Fe lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica, invited talk at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 5 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang, W. Fong, B. Roberts, and J. A. Smith, Solar effects on the mesospheric iron chemistry observed by lidar at McMurdo (77.8S, 166.7E), Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, CA, 6 December 2012. [PDF Abstract]

Chen, C., X. Chu, A. J. McDonald, Z. Yu, W. Fong, and S. L. Vadas, Inertia-gravity waves in Antarctica: A case study with simultaneous lidar and radar measurements at McMurdo (77.8S, 166.7E), poster at the CEDAR workshop, Santa Fe, NM, 27 June 2012. - Cao Chen won the 2012 first place prize in CEDAR student poster competition (MLT).

Chu, X., et al., McMurdo lidar campaign results: Neutral Fe layers, gravity and tidal waves, and temperatures up to 155 km in the Antarctic thermosphere, invited talk at the 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (C2.2-0020-12), Mysore, India, 19 July 2012.

Chu, X., et al., Summer Fe layers, polar mesospheric clouds and their interactions at McMurdo (77.83S, 166.66E), Antarctica, invited talk at the 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (C2.1-0018-12), Mysore, India, 16 July 2012.

Chu, X., Z. Yu, W. Huang, W. Fong, C. Chen, Z. Wang, J. A. Smith, and C. S. Gardner, Advances of lidar investigation of the middle and upper atmosphere from McMurdo, Antarctica, invited talk at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2011 (SA44A-03), San Francisco, CA, December 8, 2011. [PDF Abstract]

Fong, W., X. Chu, Z. Yu, C. Chen, and W. Huang, Diurnal and seasonal variations of temperatures from lower to upper atmosphere at McMurdo, Antarctica in 2011, talk at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA41C-05), San Francisco, CA, December 8, 2011. [PDF Abstract]

Yu, Z., X. Chu, W. Huang*, and W. Fong, Diurnal variations of meteoric Fe layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51A-1909), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011. [PDF Abstract]

Chen, C., X. Chu, W. Fong, Z. Yu, A. McDonald, and X. Lu, Lidar and radar investigation of gravity wave characteristics, propagation and dissipation from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere over McMurdo, Antarctica, poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51A-1910), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011. [PDF Abstract]

Huang, W., X. Chu, Z. Wang, W. Fong, Z. Yu, J. A. Smith and B. Roberts, Simultaneous and common-volume lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and Na layers at Boulder (40°N, 105°W), poster at the AGU Fall Meeting 2011 (SA51B-1946), San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2011. [PDF Abstract]

Publications from Previous Fe Boltzmann Lidar Campaigns

Chu, X., W. Pan, G. Papen, C. S. Gardner, G. Swenson, and P. Jenniskens, Characteristics of Fe ablation trails observed during the 1998 Leonid meteor shower, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1807-1810, 2000. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and G. Papen, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Seasonal variations, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1203-1206, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and G. Papen, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Diurnal variations, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1937-1940, 2001[PDF reprint]

Chu, X., W. Pan, G. Papen, C. S. Gardner, and J. Gelbwachs, Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar: design, error analysis, and initial results at the North and South Poles, Applied Optics, 41, 4400-4410, 2002. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and R. G. Roble, Lidar studies of interannual, seasonal and diurnal variations of polar mesospheric clouds at the South Pole, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D8), 8447, doi:10.1029/2002JD002524, 2003 [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, C. S. Gardner, J. C. Diettrich, M. A. Clilverd, and M. J. Jarvis, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L02114, doi:10.1029/2003GL018638, 2004. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., and G. C. Papen, Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere, in the book of Laser Remote Sensing, edited by T. Fujii and T. Fukuchi, published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN: 0-8247-4256-7, page 179-432, 2005.

Chu, X., P. Espy, G. Nott, J. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from 2002-2005: Properties and implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007086, 2006. [PDF reprint]

Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer, Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, 434-445, 2009. [PDF reprint]

Diettrich, J., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, G.R. Swenson, X. Chu, M. J. Taylor, D. M. Riggin and D.C. Fritts, High frequency atmospheric gravity-wave properties using Fe-lidar and OH-imager observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021944, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 102-113, 2006. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., G. C. Papen, X. Chu, and W. Pan, First lidar observations of middle atmosphere temperatures, Fe densities, and polar mesospheric clouds over the North and South poles, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1199-1202, 2001. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., J. M. C. Plane, W. Pan, T. Vondrak, B. J. Murray, and X. Chu, Seasonal variations of the Na and Fe layers at the South Pole and their implications for the chemistry and general circulation of the polar mesosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D10302, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005670, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Gardner, C. S., X. Chu, P. J. Espy, J. M. C. Plane, D. R. Marsh, and D. Janches, Seasonal variations of mesospheric Fe layers at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere, 116, D02304, doi:10.1029/2010JD014655, 2011. [PDF reprint]

McDonald, A. J., B. Tan, and X. Chu, Role of gravity waves in the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric temperature measured by COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 and Rayeligh lidar observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D19128, doi:10.1029/2009JD013658, 2010. [PDF reprint]

Pan, W., C. S. Gardner, and R. G. Roble, The temperature structure of the winter atmosphere at South Pole, Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (16), 49-1 — 49-4, 2002. [PDF reprint]

Pan, W., and C. S. Gardner, Seasonal variations of the atmospheric temperature structure from 3 to 110 km at South Pole, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D18), 4564, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003217, 2003. [PDF reprint]

Papen, G.C. and D. Treyer, Comparison of an Fe Boltzmann temperature Lidar with a Na narrow-band lidar, Applied Optics, 37, 8477-8481, 1998. [PDF reprint]

Plane, J. M. C., B. J. Murray, X. Chu, and C. S. Gardner, Removal of meteoric iron on polar mesospheric clouds, Science, 304, 426-428, 2004. [PDF reprint]

Stevens, M. H., R. R. Meier, X. Chu, M. T. DeLand, and J. M. C. Plane, Antarctic mesospheric clouds formed from space shuttle exhaust, Journal of Geophysical Research, 32, L13810, doi:10.1029/2005GL023054, 2005. [PDF reprint]

Yamashita, C., X. Chu, H.-L. Liu, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, and W. Huang, Stratospheric gravity wave characteristics and seasonal variations observed by lidar at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D12101, doi:10.1029/2008JD011472, 2009. [PDF reprint]